Traditional vehicle air conditioning systems condition the entire cabin to a comfortable range of temperature and humidity regardless of the number of passengers in the vehicle. The A/C system is designed to have enough capacity to provide comfort for transient periods when cooling down a soaked car. Similarly for heating, the entire cabin is typically warmed up to achieve comfort. Localized he...

c O N S I D E R A B L E expe r i e n c e has been gained with sealed cabin atmospheres incidental to twenty-four-hour balloon-borne animal flights above 100,000 ~feet. la The temperature and pressure problems encountered while floating a t this altitude are space equivalent, corresponding closely to the conditions that would be encountered by an orbiting satellite. Design of a manned, sealed ca...

A 49-year-old female with a history of several neurosurgical and otolaryngologic procedures for occipital meningioma and cerebrospinal fluid leaks was diagnosed with pneumocephalus after a one hour flight on a domestic jet airliner. Despite multiple operations, the air appeared to enter the cranium through a weak portion of the skull base due to the low atmospheric pressure in the cabin. The in...

Increasing evidence has demonstrated toxic effects of ultrafine particles (UFP*, diameter < 100 nm). Children are particularly at risk because of their immature respiratory systems and higher breathing rates per body mass. This study aimed to characterize UFP, PM2.5 (particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter), and other vehicular-emitted pollutants in and around school buses....

UNLABELLED Quick information on airborne infectious disease transmission in airliner cabins is essential to reduce the risk of infection of passengers and crew members. This investigation proposed a one-dimensional analytical model that can predict the longitudinal transmission of airborne contaminants or disease viruses inside an airliner cabin. The model considered both diffusive and convecti...

BACKGROUND Post-craniotomy intracranial air can be present in patients scheduled for air ambulance transport to their home hospital. We aimed to assess risk for in-flight intracranial pressure (ICP) increases related to observed intracranial air volumes, hypothetical sea level pre-transport ICP, and different potential flight levels and cabin pressures. METHODS A cohort of consecutive subdura...

introduction: metalworking fluids (mwfs) are widely used in metal working operations for cooling down, lubricating and reducing the friction between tools and work pieces which result in controlling the heat produced. exposure to mwfs causes several adverse effects including respiratory problems, skin diseases, cancer and even infertility. this study examines workers’ exposure to mwf mist and t...

Since activating the International Space Station’s ( IS9 Service Module in November 2000, archival air quality samples have shown highly variable concentrations of octafluoropropane in the cabin. This variability has been directly linked to leakage from air conditioning systems on board the Service Module, Zvezda. While octafluoropropane is not highly toxic, it presents a significant challenge ...

background and aim: carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless gas. in high concentrations, co is deadly poisonous and in low concentrations can cause fatigue, headache, dizziness and seizures. carbon monoxide has a high affinity to combines hemoglobin which can decrease oxygen capacity in blood. to address this problem, human body begins to produce red blood cells, this can increases blood visc...

ZnO nanomaterials with different shapes were synthesized, characterized and tested in the selective monitoring of low concentration of CO and NO₂ in air. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers (NFs) were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method in supercritical conditions and electrospinning technique, respectively. CO and NO₂ sensing tests have demonstrated that the annealing temperature and s...