The aim of this study was to develop a method for automated discrimination of three honeybee subspecies used for breeding in Poland: A. mellifera carnica, A. m. caucasica and A. m. mellifera. The method developed exploits characteristic venation of forewings. Samples of bees were collected from 1042 bee colonies of the three subspecies. From each of the colonies 20 right forewings were dissecte...

Lamellar keratoplasty consists of transplanting partial-thickness donor cornea onto a complementary recipient bed. Manual lamellar dissection is technically very difficult, time-consuming, and imprecise. Also, the manually-dissected lamellar interface often has topographical irregularities that may optically degrade the best-corrected visual acuity. The femtosecond clinical laser (IntraLase FS ...

The motor protein Kinesin-1 drives intracellular transport along microtubules, with each of its two motor domains taking 16-nm steps in a hand-over-hand fashion. The way in which a single-motor domain moves during a step is unknown. Here, we use Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent labels on both motor domains of a single kinesin. This approach allows us to resolve the r...