depth of frost penetration is one of the main indices in agriculture, civil and transportation engineering. soil temperature is a function of several factors including: topography, solar radiation, air temperature, moisture content and other physical properties of soil such as thermal capacity, coefficient of heat conductivity, and specific heat. the main objective of the present paper is to de...

Concerns about energy consumption and climate change make residential evaporative coolers a popular alternative to central air conditioning in arid and semi-arid climates. However, evaporative coolers have been shown to significantly increase indoor relative humidity and dust mite allergen levels in some studies, while showing no association in other studies. Improved measurement of temporal fl...

It has been suggested that climates during the Holocene have varied on timescales of about 1500 years, forced by oscillations of a solar cycle. These climatic changes have been implicated as the cause of changes in geological records from, mostly, marine sediments. If there were such changes, and if they were of great enough amplitude to force changes in marine sedimentation, it would be reason...

security is one of the most important human needs. researchers believe that the need for security has a strong and close relationship with the physical characteristics of the environment and people’s satisfaction. to study the relationship between security and environmental (physical and social) satisfaction, ‘’cpted’’ approach and its principals in design and environmental planning and urban l...

The increased deterioration of existing groundwater resources and gradual decline in costs of freshwater water production, have given new impetus to the use of desalination plants in arid lands. Nonetheless, the formation of scale on heat transfer surfaces could profoundly reduce the efficiency of thermal desalination plants. The widely used practice to mitigate scale formation in such units is...

this paper deals with the concept of “residential models” and the role it plays on human relations in residential complexes. it intends to; review the concept of residence; understand how a residential model takes form; the influence of a residential model on future human interactions. to this end, having reviewed comments and viewpoints, focused on “what is residence? which factors may create ...