A natural language argument may be valid in at least two nonequivalent senses: it may be interpretationally or representationally valid (cf. Etchemendy 1990). Interpretational and representational validity can both be formally exhibited by classical first-order logic. However, as these two notions of informal validity differ extensionally and first-order logic fixes one determinate extension fo...

BACKGROUND Validity evidence based on test content is one of the five forms of validity evidence stipulated in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing developed by the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. In this paper, we describe the logic and theory underlying such evidence and describ...

It is well-established that (non-linguistic) categorization is driven by a functional demand of prediction. We suggest that prediction likewise may well play a role in motivating the learning of semantic generalizations about argument structure constructions. We report corpora statistics that indicate that the argument frame or construction has roughly equivalent cue validity as a predictor of ...

religious experience argument is one of the most significant arguments in proving the existence of god in the west. swinburne – the theistic philosopher – has presented a particular exposition of this argument based on the specific principles he calls “credibility principle” and “witness principle”, which have attracted the attention of the philosophers of religion. it is attempted in this rese...

The clinical manifestations of Plasmodium falciparum infection of humans that are collectively recognised as cerebral malaria produce profound changes in mental status and induce coma. The histopathological hallmark of this encephalopathy is the sequestration of cerebral capillaries and venules with both infected and uninfected erythrocytes. The underlying cause of cerebral malaria is the subje...

BACKGROUND Validity evidence based on the internal structure of an assessment is one of the five forms of validity evidence stipulated in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing of the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. In this paper, we describe the concepts underlying internal structu...

This paper is about the situation in which an author (writer or speaker) presents a deductively invalid argument, but the addressee aims at a charitable interpretation and has reason to assume that the author intends to present a valid argument. How can he go about interpreting the author’s reasoning as enthymematically valid? We suggest replacing the usual find-the-missingpremise approaches by...