PuRPOSe To create a simple algorithm of choice for bilateral mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals. MethOdS On the basis of our clinical experience of more than 400 bilateral mastectomies performed since 1993, we distinguish 3 different approaches: Type 1, bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy performed through semicircular incision at the border nipple-areola complex; Type 2, bilateral subcuta...

How do infants extract milk during breast-feeding? We have resolved a century-long scientific controversy, whether it is sucking of the milk by subatmospheric pressure or mouthing of the nipple-areola complex to induce a peristaltic-like extraction mechanism. Breast-feeding is a dynamic process, which requires coupling between periodic motions of the infant's jaws, undulation of the tongue, and...

a 25-year-old woman with a history of five years of bilateral verrucous hyperkeratosis and darkening of both nipples and areolae is reported herein. the histopathology was suggestive of hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple. hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple is a rare condition which is seen unilaterally or bilaterally in both sexes. three types of hyperkeratosis of areola and nipple are descri...

BACKGROUND The body of literature documenting normative breast sensation and postoperative changes in sensation after reduction mammaplasty has grown considerably over the last several years. Despite this, only two studies have ever been published on the subject of postaugmentation mammaplasty sensory outcomes. The purpose of this study was to precisely measure sensory thresholds at the nipple-...

AIMS To find a pre-operative test for nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. METHODS Areola-tumour distance was measured in 140 consecutive patients (median age 45, range: 23-83) undergoing a mastectomy. We analysed whether nipple and areola correlated with areola-tumour distance, tumour size, nodal status, perinodal involvement and lymphatic embolization. RESULTS The nipple was in...

Creation of a nipple-areola complex often represents the final step in a long and troubling reconstructive process for women with breast cancer. After this hard time, the procedure of choice needs to be convenient, painless and reliable. C-V flap technique for nipple reconstruction, designed especially for later areola tattooing, is a quick and effective form of nipple reconstruction using loca...

During a period of 7.5 years, reduction mammaplasty using a superior-lateral dermoglandular pedicle was performed in 213 mammary glands in 112 patients. This procedure is a modification of the original technique by Skoog that takes advantage of its benefits but adds two basic premises: (1) to preserve the integrity of the galactophorous ducts for future nursing and (2) to cause less innervation...