abstract background: chronic renal disease and hemodialysis cause numerous psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual challenges for both patients and their families. overcoming these challenges is possible only through providing holistic support for the patients. today, despite the support provided by family and professional caregivers for the patients, patients still express dissatisfacti...

background: teachers, parents and foundations should become objective-oriented for children with visual impairment so that learning and sensitization of necessary knowledge and skills for the behaviors of these children are assisted. where there is impairment in the relations of children caregivers, their emotional security is disturbed and its effects will appear in their behaviors. therefore,...