Contents 1. Introduction 2. Causative materials for contamination of surface water 3. Heavy metals 4. Pollution for the phthalate esters caused from human activities 5. Endocrine disrupting chemicals 6. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 6.1. Organic chlorinated chemicals 6.2. Organic phosphorylated chemicals 6.3. Other agricultural chemicals 6.4. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluor...

The concepts of "swimming" and "water activities" have evolved greatly since the first written document on swimming (Nikolaus Wynmann, 1538, "Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus lectu" ["The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful and Pleasant to Read"]). At its inception, swimming was understood simply as moving in water – first, in order to survi...

In the last decades head-out aquatic exercises became one of the most important physical activities within the health system. Massive research has been produced throughout these decades in order to better understand the role of head-out aquatic exercises in populations' health. Such studies aimed to obtain comprehensive knowledge about the acute and chronic response of subjects performing head-...

Aquatic organisms produce compounds that deter consumers, alter prey behavior, suppress or kill target and nontarget species, and dramatically affect food-web structure, community composition, and the rates and pathways of biogeochemical cycles. Toxins from marine and freshwater phytoplankton create health hazards for both aquatic and terrestrial species and can significantly affect human activ...

Received on 27 July 2000 Accepted on 27 September 2000 Abstract The freshwater aquatic biodiversity is depleting alarmingly due to the introduction of exotic species and other anthropogenic activities. The indiscriminate transfer of exotic fishes has brought about a wide array of problems including extirpation of indigenous species. The exotics compete with the indigenous species for food, habi...

Aquatic exercise programs may be a beneficial form of therapy for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP), particularly for those with significant movement limitations where land-based physical activity is difficult. The most recently published systematic review (2005) on aquatic interventions in children with CP found supportive but insufficient evidence on its effectiveness. The aim...

in order to evaluate the allelopatic potential of wheat aquatic extracts against winter wild oat (avena ludoviciana) at germiantion and vegetative growth stage two expriments were coducted in islamic azad university, shoushtar branch at 2012. germination expriment was laid out according to completely randomized design with four replications and treatments were various concentration of wheat ext...

OBJECTIVE To identify intervention categories encountered by physical therapists working in aquatic therapy with disabled children, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth (ICF-CY). METHODS Aquatic physical therapists were asked to describe concepts related to the functioning of disabled children and their contextual factors. Data were c...

The observed patterns of distribution and abundance of aquatic insects indicate successful adaptations to a wide variety of habitats. To demonstrate how organisms adapt to particular niches of the freshwater community, examples of species using certain environments are presented in this chapter and the life cycle is used as a framework for describing diverse modes of coping with environmental c...