Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder of emotional and mental stress occurring as an outcome of injury or severe emotional shock. Several Neuroimaging studies in humans have shown the functions and relationship between the anatomical changes of brain and PTSD. The three major areas of the brain are affected by PTSD .These three areas are the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cor...

BACKGROUND Environmental enrichment alters susceptibility in developing drug addiction. We have demonstrated that rats raised in an enriched condition are more sensitive than rats raised in an impoverished condition to nicotine-induced locomotor activity, and this is associated with alterations of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 within the prefrontal cortex. This study ...

Abstract Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologue...

Dopamine is implicated in movement, learning, and motivation, and in illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Little is known about the control of dopamine release in humans, but research in experimental animals suggests that the prefrontal cortex plays an important role in regulating the release of dopamine in subcortical structures. Here we used [(11)C]raclopr...

introduction: working memory plays a critical role in cognitive processes which are central to our daily life. neuroimaging studies have shown that one of the most important areas corresponding to the working memory is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlfpc). this study was aimed to assess whether bilateral modulation of the dlpfc using a noninvasive brain stimulation, namely transcranial di...

Previous studies showed reduced activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and supplementary motor area during inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate deep brain generators underlying alterations evoked potential components triggered by visual GO/NoGO tasks ADHD compared typically developing (TDC). Standardized weighted l...

The medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus (MDNt), the prefrontal cortex, and the ventral striatum form an interconnected neural circuit that may subserve certain types of working memory. The present series of experiments investigated functional interactions between these brain regions in rats during the performance of delayed and nondelayed spatially cued radial-arm maze tasks. In Experiment 1, ...

This study investigates the physiological properties of parabrachial internal lateral (PBil) neurons that project to the paracentral thalamic (PC) nucleus using antidromic activation and single-unit recording techniques in anesthetized rat. We reported here that most of these neurons responded exclusively to the nociceptive stimulation of large receptive fields with a sustained firing that ofte...

posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is a disorder of emotional and mental stress occurring as an outcome of injury or severe emotional shock. several neuroimaging studies in humans have shown the functions and relationship between the anatomical changes of brain and ptsd. the three major areas of the brain are affected by ptsd .these three areas are the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cor...