Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been circulating in the Eurasian poultry industry resulting in great economic losses due to declined egg production and moderate to high mortality. In Korea, H9N2 LPAI was first documented in 1996 and it caused serious economic loss in the Korean poultry industry, including layer and broiler breeder farms. Since then, the H9N2 viruses that...

The antigenic variation of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins requires frequent changes in vaccine formulation. The classical method of creating influenza virus seed strains for vaccine production is to generate 6 + 2 reassortants that contain six genes from a high-yield virus, such as A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and the HA and NA genes of the circulating strains. Th...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are circulating in lots of species, causing major outbreaks both wild and domestic poultry. Since its first emergence 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 widely spread the world resulting enormous economic losses. In Egypt, newly emerging high (HPAI) have been detected poultry birds since 2016/2017 winter season. AI is cocirculating with LP H9N2 HP H5N1 Egyptian e...

The expression of a wheat genomic clone containing the entire coding sequence of the high molecular weight glutenin subunit 12 gene flanked by 2.6 kilobases of 5' and 1.5 kilobases of 3' sequences has been studied after introduction into tobacco. Seeds of different tobacco plants containing the full-length wheat genomic clone accumulated different amounts of intact high molecular weight gluteni...

Verocytotoxic Escherichia (E.) coli strains are responsible for swine oedema disease, which is an enterotoxaemia that causes economic losses in the pig industry. The production of a vaccine for oral administration in transgenic seeds could be an efficient system to stimulate local immunity. This study was conducted to transform tobacco plants for the seed-specific expression of antigenic protei...

Antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) block the antigenic epitopes of bioaptamer-binding to PvpA protein, resulting in a lighter colorimetric detection.