Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid that exerts antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test (TST) and in the forced swimming test, and this effect was reported to be mediated by the dopaminergic system. Many studies show that currently available antidepressant agents have effects on multiple neurotransmitter systems which account for their efficac...

Letter to the Editor Does ketamine exert a fast-acting antidepressant effect via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines ? We read with great interest the excellent article by Horacek and colleagues (Horacek et al. 2010), in which the authors indicated that the decrease in theta cord-ance could be a marker and a predictor of ketamine exerting a fast-acting antidepressant effect. We appreciate ...

OBJECTIVE The study aims to help domestic application units and research institutions improve their research quality of antidepressant clinical tests by studying and analyzing the current status and problems in selecting control drugs during domestic antidepressant clinical tests and illustrating some key problems that should be noted when selecting the control drug in such researches. METHOD...

The antidepressant-like activity of creatine in the tail suspension test (TST) was demonstrated previously by our group. In this study we investigated the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the mouse TST. In the first set of experiments, creatine administered by i.c.v. route (1 μg/site) decreased the immobility time in the TST, suggesting th...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential role of 5-HT1A receptors in the antidepressant-like effect and antinociceptive effect of venlafaxine. With this aim, the effect of either a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (WAY-100635; N-2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexane carboxamide) or a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT; 8-hydroxy-2-(d...

PRE-084, a selective sigma receptor agonist, exhibited an antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test (FST) in Albino Swiss and C57BL/6J mice. This effect was counteracted by BD 1047 (5 and 10 mg/kg) but not by SM-21 (3 and 10 mg/kg), which are sigma(1)- and sigma(2)-receptor antagonists, respectively. The results indicated that PRE-084 has an antidepressant-like effect in C57BL/6J and, ...

The rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant effects of (R,S)-ketamine have recently gained much attention. Although (S)-ketamine has been studied as an active isomer, recent evidence suggests that (R)-ketamine exhibits longer-lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine in rodents. However, the antidepressant potential of (R)-ketamine has not been fully addressed. In the present study,...

Only one-third of patients undergoing monotherapy with an antidepressant achieve remission of their depressive symptoms and gain functional recovery. Therefore, further exploration of antidepressant mechanisms of action is important in order to facilitate the development of antidepressants with new modes of action. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that major depression is asso...

OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) and pharmaceutical promotion to physicians on the likelihood that (1) an individual diagnosed with depression received antidepressant medication and that (2) antidepressant medication was used for the appropriate duration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A quasiexperimental design was used to examine treatment pa...