In this study we explore in detail the causes of corruption in China using two different sets of data at the regional level (provinces and cities). We observe that regions with more anti-corruption efforts, histories of British rule, higher openness, more access to media and relatively higher wages of government employees are markedly less corrupt; while social heterogeneity, regulation, abunda...

We explore what group reputation is and model its formation and evolution. Based solely on group signals, we define a player’s group reputation as the belief that others have about the characteristics of the group the player belongs to. A model of group reputation of civil servants with anonymous matching and external monitoring is constructed to characterize the strategic behavior of potential...

In those parts of his paper that have the clearest bearing upon my contributions, Simon Deichsel 1) elaborates various conceptions of realism; 2) declares himself an anti-realist of a specific sort; 3) seeks to identify and criticise pragmatic aspects of my justification for adopting a realist orientation; and 4) argues that his anti-realist perspective is preferable to realism. An immediate pr...

In the recent years spam became as a big problem of Internet and electronic communication. There developed a lot of techniques to fight them. In this paper the overview of existing e-mail spam filtering methods is given. The classification, evaluation, and comparison of traditional and learning-based methods are provided. Some personal anti-spam products are tested and compared. The statement f...

Email has become an integral and sometimes overwhelming part of users’ personal and professional lives. In this paper, we measure the flow and frequency of user email toward the identification of communities of interest (COI)–groups of users that have a common bond. If detectable, such associations will be useful in automating email management, e.g., topical classification, flagging important m...

Abstract Spam annoys users and poses a security threat. This article proposes spam filter based on geographical location of the sender determined by IP geolocation. was implemented as plugin to SpamAssassin anti-spam software. The allows define penalty score for specific countries sending spam. proposed tested dataset 1500 e-mails consisting 1200 300 legitimate e-mails. Matthews correlation coe...

Researchers initially have addressed the problem of spam detection as a text classification or categorization problem. However, as spammers’ continue to develop new techniques and the type of email content becomes more disparate, text-based anti-spam approaches alone are not sufficiently enough in preventing spam. In an attempt to defeat the anti-spam development technologies, spammers have rec...

This paper presents an extensive empirical evaluation of memory-based learning in the context of anti-spam filtering, a novel cost-sensitive application of text categorization. Unsolicited commercial e-mail, also known as “spam”, floods the mailboxes of users, causing frustration, wasting bandwidth and money, and exposing minors to unsuitable content. Using a recently introduced publicly availa...

Electronic communication such as email is an efficient and cost effective communication medium in today’s connected world. This paper looks at the strategies employed by spam and anti-spam and shows the coevolution of these strategies. Anti-spam software makes use of intelligent filtering based on content scanning, block lists, black lists, white lists and mailbox authentication. Spammers have ...

Unsolicited commercial email, commonly referred to as spam, is now recognized as a major problem causing considerable costs (e.g., [Ferris Research 03]) and impacting on how people use email (e.g., [Fallows 03]). Anti-spam measures, such as email filters and server-based block lists, have become ubiquitous. There is a growing body of empirical and anecdotal evidence suggesting that apart from t...