progenitor cell functional assays were included in the studies by Calado et al. Although it is logical that increasing TERT activity would increase hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function, no direct studies addressed this critical question. Understanding whether androgen/estradiol-induced TERT activation also occurs in hematopoietic stem/progenitors is crucial because it is loss of these ce...

Slight differences in structure fundamentally change the effects, which can be corticoid, androgen, progestagen or estrogen. The latter 3 are called sex steroid hormones. Each type of sex steroid hormone is composed of a group of molecules, with slightly different effects. Sex steroid hormones are secreted by the ovary and by the adrenal gland. Oestrogens are the typical female hormone which wi...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the highest leading cause of death worldwide. Several risk factors have been linked to CVDs, including smoking, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gender among others. Sex hormones, especially the androgen and its receptor, androgen receptor (AR), have been linked to many diseases with a clear gender difference. Here, we summarize the effects of androgen/AR o...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Studies of prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones predict autistic traits in children at 18 to 24 and at 96 months of age. However, it is not known whether postnatal exposure to these hormones has a similar effect. This study compares prenatal and postnatal sex steroid hormone levels in relation to autistic traits in 18 to 24-month-old children.Fetal testosterone (fT...

Objective: Sex hormones are not only involved in the formation of reproductive organs, but also induce sexually-dimorphic brain development and organization. Cross-sex hormone administration to transsexuals provides a unique possibility to study the effects of sex steroids on brain morphology in young adulthood. Methods: Magnetic resonance brain images were made prior to, and during, cross-sex ...

Neuroendocrine (NE) cells originally exist in the normal prostate acini and duct, regulating prostatic growth, differentiation and secretion. Clusters of malignant NE cells are found in most prostate cancer (PCa) cases. NE differentiation (NED) is the basic character of the prostate, either benign or malignant. NE cells hold certain peptide hormones or pro-hormones, which affect the target cell...

Androgen production by minced testis from adult rabbits was measured in response to a variety of FSHs and LH5 from eutherian (sheep, rat, rabbit) and metatherian (kangaroo) mammals, a bird (turkey), reptiles (turtle, alligator) and an amphibian (frog). LHs from all three eutherian species were highly potent and produced clear stimulation at doses below 50 ng/ml; relative potencies in the rabbit...

The androgen and glucocorticoid hormones evoke specific in vivo responses by activating different sets of responsive genes. Although the consensus sequences of the glucocorticoid and androgen response elements are very similar, this in vivo specificity can in some cases be explained by differences in DNA recognition between both receptors. This has clearly been demonstrated for the androgen res...

The larynx of Xenopus laevis is a sexually differentiated vocal organ in which male muscle is entirely fast twitch and expresses high levels of a fast twitch myosin heavy chain gene, LM. Female muscle, however, is mostly slow twitch and expresses little LM. Androgen is unable to induce expression of LM until after metamorphosis is complete. The expression of LM during metamorphic and early post...

BACKGROUND The sebaceous glands are susceptible to the effects of androgens. A benign proliferation of these hormones, i.e. hyperplasia, occurs with age. OBJECTIVES This was a pilot study to demonstrate whether any correlation exists between circulating androgen levels and an increase in the incidence of sebaceous hyperplasia. METHODS Sixteen female patients with a diagnosis of sebaceous hy...