Fregeans face the difficulty finding a notation for distinguishing statements about the sense or meaning of an expression as opposed to its reference or denotation. Famously, in “On Denoting”, Russell rejected methods that begin with an expression designating its denotation, and then alter it with a “the meaning of ” operator to designate the meaning. Such methods attempt an impossible “backwar...

In domains such as music, the ability to effectively engage in a variety of activities is often dependent on knowledge of domain-specific theories, terminologies, concepts and processes learned in an academic context and made implicit through repeated practice. For activities of this nature, creating or enhancing software-based interaction designs to support novice users can be a challenging un...

The notion of reference as entailment in the common ground provides a uniied framework for the treatment of denotation by names, deenite descriptions, and pronouns, including anaphors. Within this framework, semantic and pragmatic considerations are combined, giving two kinds of proof of denotation, by sense and by reference, for references to individuals which are and aren't already in the com...

In line with the Principle of Uniform Solution, Graham Priest has challenged advocates like myself of the “multiple-meanings” solution to the paradoxes of truth and knowledge, due to the medieval logician Thomas Bradwardine, to extend this account to a similar solution to the paradoxes of denotation, such as Berry’s, König’s and Richard’s. I here rise to this challenge by showing how to adapt B...

the characteristic of denotation (imāra) is its typical speculative exposition (kāshifiyyat), for which the legislator devises validity in respect to this characteristic. in contrast to it is the practical principle that is not concerned with reality and is used simply for getting rid of confusion in practice. in the meantime, the confirming principle (aṣli muḥriz) is set forth, which both enjo...

Song is a literary work that enjoyed by all people, from young people to adults. In the song lyrics, there are many language styles, especially metaphorical styles. Metaphorical style an implicit comparative style. One of functions using metaphors in writing lyrics add beauty lyrics. Japanese songs one most popular students or learners, anime enthusiasts and general public. LiSA singers whose w...

this study was an effort towards examining the relationship between iranian efl learners’ language proficiency and their metaphorical competence. the were 120 iranian efl learners studying at sadr english language center within the 19-25 age range. the efl learners’ english proficiency from elementary to advanced which was determined by the opt. afterwards, the students were administered a rese...