according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

the decision of court and public prosecution in criminal matter has a absolute res judicats. the main conditions of res judicats (cause, object and person unity) become mooted in criminal law again, but criminal law is differ from civil law in this matter. in civil law, res judicats consider according to general conditions but criminal law can not consider upon those conditions. many cases, spe...

competition is against monopoly and intellectual property creates monopoly for intellectual property owner. this article had been paid cooperation between apparently contradictory policies. exhaustion, parallel imports, compulsory license, intellectual property exploitation contract that coincide with competition are methods of cooperation between intellectual property and competition law. comp...

it's obvious that there is a serious and powerful bond between different branches of humanities and social sciences. sociology of law is a good example in which law and sociology make an organized ensemble. sociology of law has emerged as an independent science which is, or should be, based on empiric rationality. the discipline is neither based on metaphysics (contrary to the philosophy of law...

all political institutions should obey public law and be legitimated by the mass. in this article there is a conceptual differentiation between »protecting political system theory «(p.p.s.t) and »public law«, and others  referring to the islamic principles try give an answer to these question: what is the relationship between protecting political system duty and necessity of practicing »public ...

In this article, we explore two approaches to modeling hypermedia-based communication. It is argued that the classical conveyor-tube framework is not applicable to the case of computerand Internetmediated communication. We then present a simple but very general system-theoretic model of the communication process, propose its mathematical interpretation, and derive several formulas, which qualit...

The present study raises the question in how far low-level linguistic units, such as letters, graphemes, sounds and phonemes, follow one and the same pattern as to their frequency distribution. Based on Altmann/Lehfeldt’s (1980) study on 63 samples from 38 different languages, a separate reanalysis of the letter/grapheme vs. sound/phoneme samples is made, concentrating on the empirical entropy ...