civil liability in electronic communications is one the most important issues of information and communications technology (ict) law. civil liability may be arisen from different causes such as copyright and trade mark infringement invasion of privacy and defamation. when discussing civil liability, two different civil liability systems may be considered: direct and indirect civil liability. in...

In 1999 the directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council was enacted, providing a legal framework for a common introduction of electronic signatures in Europe. So far the signature market has failed miserably. Mobile electronic signatures could be a potential and promising way to increase the market acceptance of electronic signatures. In this contribution we used an infra...

In 1999 the directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council was enacted, providing legal requirements for a common introduction of electronic signatures in Europe. So far the signature market has failed miserably. Mobile electronic signatures are often seen as a potential and promising way to provide market acceptance for electronic signatures. This paper builds upon an infra...

The last ten years have seen an enormous amount of legal, regulatory, and technological activity aimed at designing a proper electronic equivalent to handwritten signatures. One such design, that of cryptology-based (or digital) signatures, has succeeded over other solutions to the point where, in certain legal systems, such as those of the Member States of the European Union, electronic signat...

This panel deals with the practical experiences installing and driving a digital signature scheme. Currently Germany has defined and implemented a bill in respect to establish uniform economic conditions for the various applications of electronic information and confirmation services, parts tailored for the application of digital signatures. The involved parties of the scheme present their prac...

We have developed a prototype electronic notary system (CYNOS : CYber NOtary System). CYNOS proves facts by providing the evidence (notary token) of events and/or actions that could be used to solve disputes between entities. It is a signature-based system and uses various security techniques to enable the timely certification of entities and fair and highly reliable delivery. It also cooperate...

Abstract 
 In a bid to implement the Electronic Transactions Act 2015, Tanzania initiated adoption of National Public Key infrastructure (PKI) framework. However, plan has not been executed as expected because certain gaps and ambiguities in laws. This article examines existing laws providing for legal validity, admissibility enforceability electronic signatures especially using PKI; ident...

Command and Contro l (C2) Agility is b ecoming incr easingly im portant f or m ilitary operations in the com plex environm ents preval ent today. Considerable effort has been put into defining concepts such as agility, adaptability and robustness; but a common understanding and the overall utility of the concepts are hampered by the different definitions, models, term inology and conceptual fra...