analogy and how to treat it is among the earliest issues in the jurisprudence and principles of legal schools. meanwhile, although in shī‘ism the universal approach in this respect has since long ago been a negative one and it still continues to be so, the important issue that has to be taken into further consideration and more deeply contemplated on despite the theological viewpoints of the ju...

This study examined whether or not on-line learning (on-line as compared to classroom) influenced the progression of scientific concept construction and analogical reasoning ability; and the degree to which different analogical reasoning (surface and relational salience) contributes to the progression of scientific concept construction and analogical reasoning ability. A total of 190 5 grade st...

Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73-193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few an...

An approach to analogical representation for objects and their motions in space is proposed. This approach involves lattice computer architectures and associated algorithms and is shown to be abstracted from the behavior of human beings mentally solving spatial/kinematic puzzles. There is also discussion of where in this approach the modeling of human cognition leaves o and the engineering begi...

Applying knowledge from one context to another is a notoriously difficult problem, both for children and adults, but lies at the heart of educational endeavors. Analogical reasoning is a cognitive underpinning of the ability to notice and draw similarities across contexts. Reasoning by analogy is especially challenging for students, who must transfer in the context-rich and often high-pressure ...

We address the problem of the representation of resemblances involved in analogical reasoning. We use fuzzy relations to compare situations. We provide constructive methods to adapt the solution of an already solved situation to a similar new situation according to the degree of resemblance between these two situations. We give a general definition of analogical scheme which can be considered f...

This paper addresses two modi of analogical reasoning. The rst modus is based on the explicit representation of the justiication for the analogical inference. The second modus is based on the representation of typical instances by concept structures. The two kinds of analogical inferences rely on diierent forms of relevance knowledge that cause non-monotonicity. While the uncertainty and non-mo...

Among the most fascinating data for phonology are those showing how speakers incorporate new words and foreign words into their language system, since these data provide cues to the actual principles underlying language. In this article, we address how speakers deal with neutralized obstruents in new words. We formulate four hypotheses and test them on the basis of Dutch word-final obstruents, ...