Wasim Maziak Syria Of all its accomplishments, the West is perhaps most proud of its scientific revolution, which has been unfolding for the past halfmillennium. Only students of history remain consistently mindful of the pivotal and catalytic role that the Arab world played in the early phases of this revolution. Now, all of us should have a vested interest in advancing science and technology ...

Capital Deepening and Wage Differentials: Germany vs. US Capital deepening may affect the evolution of the wage differential between skilled and unskilled workers differently in countries with different labor market institutions. If labor market institutions raise the relative wage of unskilled workers in Germany, firms have incentives to invest relatively more into capital equipment complement...

The health and education institutions that were established based on Foundation tradition starting from the Umayyad and Abbasid, and especially in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods in the Turkish-Islam civilization where the patients were treated without expecting anything in return and health information based on practice and observation were provided were named “Darüşşifa”. It is derived from wo...

This thematic section unearths several ways professionals from a variety of religious communities in the Near East collaborated with one another during medieval period. Modern scholars intellectual history have often attempted to trace connections texts across spectrum, but it has been difficult pin down interpersonal circumstances behind these and other interactions. is at least part because s...

muslim mystics have turned to political issues relying on both unity and plurality criteria.  they have explained the characteristics of a mystic politician emphasizing the necessity of mysticism for politicians and even the necessity of politics for mystics. taking a social viewpoint, the early sufis, paid a particular attention to this important matter in their speech and behavior, and invite...