Amblyopia is a common visual impairment that develops during the early years of postnatal life. It emerges as sequela to eye misalignment, an imbalanced refractive state, or obstruction form vision. All these conditions prevent normal vision and derail typical development neural connections within system. Among subtypes amblyopia, most debilitating recalcitrant treatment deprivation amblyopia. ...

BACKGROUND Shoulder instability is a common problem in American football players entering the National Football League (NFL). Treatment options include nonoperative and surgical stabilization. PURPOSE This study evaluated how the method of treatment of pre-NFL shoulder instability affects the rate of recurrence and the time elapsed until recurrence in players on 1 NFL team. DESIGN Retrospec...

OBJECTIVE To determine if blood neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein can discriminate between Parkinson disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD) with equally high diagnostic accuracy as CSF NfL, and can therefore improve the diagnostic workup of parkinsonian disorders. METHODS The study included 3 independent prospective cohorts: the Lund (n = 278) and London (n = 117) cohort...

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a significant injury in National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) return-to-sport (RTS) rate in NFL quarterbacks following ACL reconstruction, (2) performance upon RTS, and (3) the difference in RTS and performance between players who underwent ACL reconstruction and controls. Thirteen quarterbacks (14...

• College quarterbacks selected for the national football league are good passers. rushing ability is a significant predictor of professional performance. Scouts undervalue when assessing college quarterbacks. We use data and, in some cases, ESPN scout grades to estimate (1) attributes that likely result quarterback being by (NFL) team, and (2) performance rookie NFL. find both passing signific...

BACKGROUND Ascending aortic dimensions are slightly larger in young competitive athletes compared with sedentary controls, but rarely >40 mm. Whether this finding translates to aortic enlargement in older, former athletes is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS This cross-sectional study involved a sample of 206 former National Football League (NFL) athletes compared with 759 male subjects from the D...

Madden (2004) and Madden and Ruther (2009) provide evidence that African American National Football League (NFL) head coaches significantly out-performed their white counterparts between 1990 and 2002. They conclude that this evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that African Americans had to be better coaches than whites in order to be hired as a head coach in the NFL. In 2002, the NFL pr...

BACKGROUND Athletes with injury-related pain, especially National Football League (NFL) players, are at increased risk for opioid use and misuse which may result in medical, psychiatric and social problems. This is the first study to evaluate the intersection of sports pain and opioid use and misuse among former NFL players. METHODS A telephone survey of 644 retired NFL players from the 2009 ...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau (total tau, T-tau), neurofilament light (NFL), and neurogranin (Ng) are potential biomarkers for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is unknown whether these biomarkers provide similar or complementary information in AD. We examined 93 patients with AD, 187 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 109 controls. T-tau, Ng, and NFL were all predicto...

Inner retina in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) may experience neuroinflammation resulting in atrophy. The objective of our study was to determine whether retinal GCIPL (ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer) or nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness may serve as noninvasive biomarkers to diagnose AD. This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled 15 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, 15 mild-modera...