Information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of Caspian forests. Skidding and road construction costs are expensive forest operations. Determining the optimum forest road network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. Logging me...

The energetic cost of plant organ construction is a functional trait that is useful for understanding carbon investment during growth (e.g. the resource acquisition vs. tissue longevity tradeoff), as well as in response to global change factors like elevated CO2 and N. Despite the enormous importance of roots and rhizomes in acquiring soil resources and responding to global change, construction...

information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of caspian forests. skidding and road construction costs are expensive forest operations. determining the optimum forest road network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. logging me...

Estimation of the conceptual costs in construction projects can be regarded as an important issue in feasibility studies. This estimation has a major impact on the success of construction projects. Indeed, this estimation supports the required information that can be employed in cost management and budgeting of these projects. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an intelligent model to im...

The number of large industrial plants being planned and constructed in Japan has increased tremendously in recent times. By reducing the construction costs involved in the development of these plants, authors can reduce the initial investment required, thereby ensuring a more economical use of monetary resources. However, construction work still requires considerable skill and labor. Hence, it ...

recent years have brought a great deal of expansion to the economic systems of developing countries. although they serve as vital link of economic activities, the transportation network of these countries have not grown proportionally. since transportation investments is a a substantial portion of the national budget, a good knowledge of each mode's various characteristics is essential, wh...