Recently representations over non–commutative rings were used by Cochran, Harvey, Friedl–Kim and Turaev to define Alexander polynomials whose degrees give lower bounds on the Thurston norm. We first show how Reidemeister torsion relates to these invariants. We give lower bounds on the Thurston norm in terms of the Reidemeister torsion which contain all the above lower bounds and give an elegant...

Recently twisted and higher order Alexander polynomials were used by Cochran, Harvey, Friedl–Kim and Turaev to give lower bounds on the Thurston norm. We first show how Reidemeister torsion relates to these Alexander polynomials. We then give lower bounds on the Thurston norm in terms of the Reidemeister torsion which contain and extend all the above lower bounds and give an elegant reformulati...

This study was conducted in order to investigate the problems and solutions to improve the employment situation in agriculture sector in Karaj Payam Noor university students. Statistical population are Included all of Karaj Payam Noor University Graduate Students (N=1320). Using Cochran formula, 120 students were selected as sample. For more credits of findings, 150 questionnaires were distribu...

this study was conducted in order to investigate the problems and solutions to improve the employment situation in agriculture sector in karaj payam noor university students. statistical population are included all of karaj payam noor university graduate students (n=1320). using cochran formula, 120 students were selected as sample. for more credits of findings, 150 questionnaires were distribu...