Abstract For the first time, an economic analysis of a fully simulated forest transformation process from even-aged to uneven-aged stand structure using natural regeneration was performed individual tree growth simulator. A comparison ‘business as usual’ management approach (i.e. age-class scenario) also made. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)-dominated forests different ages were selecte...

Abstract Understanding structurally complex boreal stands is crucial for designing ecosystem management strategies that promote forest resilience under global change. However, current practices lead to the homogenization and simplification of structures in biome. In this chapter, we illustrate two options managing productive resilient forests: (1) two-aged mixed-species forests; (2) multi-aged,...

Abstract Context Forest microclimate influences biodiversity and plays a crucial role in regulating forest ecosystem functions. It is modified by management as result of changes structure due to tree harvesting thinning. Objectives Here, we investigate the impacts even-aged uneven-aged on stand- landscape-level heterogeneity microclimates, comparison with unmanaged, old-growth European beech fo...

OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of age on functional fitness after six weeks of detraining. METHODS Elderly subjects, aged 60-86 years, completed a nine week multicomponent exercise training programme. They performed the senior fitness test every two weeks during the six week detraining period, and the responses of 12 young-old subjects (YO, aged 60-73 years) and nine older subjects (O, age...

When a person standing upright raises an arm on cue, muscles of the left and right sides of the body exhibit changes prior to and specific to the responding arm. We had standing participants perform a visual lexical decision task ("is this letter string a word?"), responding yes by raising one arm and no by raising the other arm. We recorded onset of the arm movement and onset of electromyograp...

Uneven-aged interior Douglas-fir stand structure and dynamics are complexas a result of irregular fire history, insect and disease outbreaks, and variousforms of partial harvesting and range use. Stocking, crown closure, canopylayering, size-age relationships, and spatial distribution are highly variablefrom one stand to another and within any one stand. Many different factors<l...

in the shafaroud forest, logging operation is generally performed by using selective cutting methods. chainsaw and cable skidder are two main forest machines for harvesting of this forest. however, forest harvesting operations result in serious residual stand damage during felling, winching and skidding operations in this forest. residual stand damage resulting from selective cutting was assess...

In many areas of the world, population aging is steadily increasing. Japan became an aged society in 1995 and the numbers of Japanese citizens aged 65 years and above (elderly) continues to increase. In 2010, the percentage of elderly people in Japan reached 23.1%. In such a “super-aged” society, health maintenance, along with the prevention and treatment of diseases, are important long-term so...