fundamentals of legal rule is one of the major discourses of the philosophy of law, which has led to the formation of numerous intellectual schools in this field. the main query of the present research is that whether the two schools of “natural law” and “legal positivism” can interact with each other. is the combination of “value” and “reality” possible in a legal system? what is the status of...

In this work, we examine how an adversary in control of a BGP speaker in a transit AS can cause a victim router in an arbitrary location on the Internet to become unstable. Through experimentation with both hardware and software routers, we look at the behavior of routers under abnormal conditions and come to four conclusions. First, routers placed in certain states behave in anything but a sta...

due to the british hegemony of iran in both pre- and post-constitutional revolutionary periods (1906-1911), the iranian legal system was expected to be influenced by british common law following the establishment of the modern government after the revolution. but it did not happen for various legal and non-legal reasons. a major legal reason could be iranians’ long history of acquaintance with ...

This paper presents a set of exploits an adversary can use to continuously spy on most BitTorrent users of the Internet from a single machine and for a long period of time. Using these exploits for a period of 103 days, we collected 148 million IPs downloading 2 billion copies of contents. We identify the IP address of the content providers for 70% of the BitTorrent contents we spied on. We sho...

Nowadays, smart card has already been adopted in many public transport ticketing system. This make the security and mutual authentication of the card and reader becomes an important factor to consider. In order to prove the security level and the security properties needed in the communication, formal symbolic adversaries modelling approach are analysed and illustrated in this project and a new...