conclusions in evaluation of adrenal masses cystic lymphangioma should be considered as a differential diagnosis. introduction adrenal cystic lymphangioma is a rare benign tumor, which is nearly always asymptomatic and incidentally discovered during routine imaging work-ups or investigating other pathologies. case report a 43-year-old female presented hypertension, which during routine work-up ...

A 43-year-old man, with known hypertension, was brought to A&E with acute weakness of legs. His blood pressure was 150/95mm Hg and he had decreased muscle power of both legs. Investigations: severe hypokalaemia (Kþ 1.9mmol/l), metabolic alkalosis, despite normal renal and liver functions. He had an elevated serum aldosterone (364 pg/ml, normal range: 69–109 pg/ml) with normal thyroid and adrena...

To summarize the maintenance of homeostasis in our body terms signal transduction, there are two major axes: autonomic nervous system and hormones. The system, one peripheral nerves, secretes neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine acetylcholine to affect target organs quickly efficiently. Hormones can be viewed signals that trigger larger changes DNA level after they secreted into blood reach...

Endogenous cannabinoids are important signaling molecules in neuroendocrine control of homeostatic and reproductive functions including stress response and energy metabolism. The hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei have been shown to release endocannabinoids, which act as retrograde messengers to modulate the synaptic release of glutamate during stress response. This study endeav...

Gonads and adrenal glands are the primary organs for the production of steroid hormones in mammals. Steroid hormones play important roles in development and are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis during adult life. To supply sufficient amounts of hormones, gonads and adrenal glands maintain their functions by replenishment of steroidogenic cells. It has been hypothesized that stem/pro...

introduction extramedullary hematopoiesis in the kidney and adrenal are rarely reported in medical literature and are usually found as incidentaloma. it usually occurs in patients with hematologic disorder such as thalassemia. case presentation the patient was a 23-year-old iranian man with beta thalassemia who was admitted with a suprarenal mass. adrenal mass was detected by ultrasonography an...

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a polypeptide precursor known to yield biologically active peptides related to a range of functions. These active peptides include the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is essential for maintenance of adrenal growth and steroidogenesis, and the alpha-melanocyte stimulation hormone, which plays a key role in energy homeostasis. However, the role of the high...

spontaneous adrenal hematoma is a very rare condition and its prevalence has been reported to be about 1% in previous studies. although various causes have been proposed to explain its incidence in existing case reports, the etiology and pathology of this condition is still not known. the present study presents a case of spontaneous adrenal hematoma in a pregnant 31 year old woman without histo...

abstract   background: isolated adrenal hemorrhage is an uncommon condition and its diagnosis is usually made during autopsy. adrenal hemorrhage (ah) is one of the very rare complications of trauma in adults. ah is associated with meningococcal septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (water house–friderichsen syndrome). hypotension, tumors, complications of pregnancy, surgical str...