Richard Alexander has argued that moral systems derive from indirect reciprocity. We analyse a simple case of a model of indirect reciprocity based on image scoring. Discriminators provide help to those individuals who have provided help. Even if the help is never returned by the beneficiary, or by individuals who in turn have been helped by the beneficiary, discriminating altruism can be resis...

The purpose of this study was to investigate convergent and discriminant validity of the five-factor model of adolescent personality in a school setting using three different raters (methods): self-ratings, peer ratings, and teacher ratings. The authors investigated validity through a multitrait-multimethod matrix and a confirmatory factor analysis correlated trait, uncorrelated method model. W...

The investigation of how social distance affects psychological phenomena has relied mostly on comparisons between strangers and acquaintances. Such an operationalization suffers from a confound acquaintance. We propose experimental paradigm that manipulates while avoiding the aforementioned confound. By relying reciprocity known tie formation mechanisms, Interaction Game provides researchers wi...

This study focuses on the home health care routing problem (HHCRP) in scenario of high population density areas where many elders live closely together. considers two main objectives. The first is to reduce travel and wait times for nurses or elders. second concerns socially related objectives scheduling problems, such as ‘quality life’ empowerment, by considering assumptions acquaintanceship m...

A complex fuzzy set (CFS) is described by a complex-valued truth membership function, which combination of standard true function plus phase term. In this paper, we extend the idea graph (FG) to (CFG). The CFS complexity arises from variety values that its can attain. contrast range expanded plane’s unit circle rather than [0,1]. As result, provides mathematical structure for representing in te...

The Map Task (Anderson et al., 1991) and Tangram (Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986) are traditional referential communication tasks that used in psycholinguistics research to demonstrate how conversational partners mutually agree on descriptions (or referring expressions) for landmarks or unusual target objects. These highly-controlled, laboratory-based take place under conditions relatively natu...

This study examined the effect of four communication modes (computer-based video teleconferencing, computer-based electronic chat, telephone, and face-to-face) on developmental interactions between dyads; specifically on the transmission of psychosocial versus instrumental information. The dyads consisted of undergraduates at a southeastern university. One member of the dyad was an incoming fir...

Character judgments, based on facial appearance, impact both perceivers' and targets' interpersonal decisions and behaviors. Nonetheless, the resilience of such effects in the face of longer acquaintanceship duration is yet to be determined. To address this question, we had 51 elderly long-term married couples complete self and informant versions of a Big Five Inventory. Participants were also ...