The physiographical condition of Jenar District is a limestone hills area and the complexity limiting factors are main problem in sugarcane plantation. Local wisdom requires community to be able for maximize resource productivity through conventional land management conservation efforts. This aims identify handling aspect local carry out operational mapping their handling. method this study qua...

Directional antennas provide numerous benefits, such as higher gains, increased transmission range, and lower interferences. In this paper, we propose a reliable broadcast protocol for directional antenna referred to as beam table-based reliable broadcast for directional antennas (BTRB). The BTRB employs (1) ACK-based scheme to provide full reliability; (2) spatio-temporal ACK combination to re...

Many new applications like groupware systems, news and file distribution or audio/video systems are based on multi-cast as a prerequisite for scalability. Many of these applications need the multicast support to be reliable, which is realized in a scalable way by tree based multicast transport protocols, where the receivers are organized in a ACK tree. Tree based approaches raise the problem of...

This paper proposes two schemes to improve the TCP performance over 802.11 WLAN access protocol. In the standard 802.11 and TCP protocols, a TCP data segment is acknowledged twice, once at the MAC layer, and once at the TCP layer. By a simple cross-layer design, a TCP ACK agent is installed at the WLAN AP. When a MAC acknowledgment is received by the AP, the AP generates a TCP ACK on behalf of ...

We propose LAS-ACK (Least Attained Service with TCP ACKs), a new layer 3 scheduling mechanism for solving the TCP unfairness problem in 802.11 wireless LANs. We evaluate its performance through measurements of a realistic TCP workload on a wireless platform, using a variety to metrics that reflect the user perceived performance as well as the efficiency at the network layer. The proposed mechan...

We describe a new technique for improving TCP performance in an ad hoc network that uses a table-driven type of routing protocol paying attention to short-duration link failure. We took as the object of research a Flexible Radio Network (FRN) which is an ad hoc network for data collection. We also evaluated the case in which the effect of the collision of a data packet and an ACK packet is supp...

This paper presents GPR (Geographic Probabilistic Routing protocol), an opportunistic routing protocol worked between mesh routers in WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks). In GPR, nodes detect the link condition by probe packets. In order to send a packet, the sender selects a candidate subset. The nodes who successfully received the packet send ACK according to their priority. If there are no ACKs fr...

OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Cyclophilin A (CypA) is secreted in response to oxidative stress and promotes inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of PAH. We evaluated the role of extracellular CypA in PAH and compared the effects of...

The basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, an invasive opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system, is the most frequent cause of fungal meningitis worldwide resulting in more than 625,000 deaths per year worldwide. Although electroporation has been developed for the transformation of plasmids in Cryptococcus, only biolistic delivery provides an effective means to transform linear DNA ...

The throughput of IEEE 802.11 standard is significantly bounded by the associated Medium Access Control (MAC) overhead. Because of the overhead, an upper limit exists for throughput, which is bounded, including situations where data rates are extremely high. Therefore, an overhead reduction is necessary to achieve higher throughput. The IEEE 802.11e amendment introduced the block ACK mechanism,...