The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the base excess have been used traditionally to describe the acid-base balance of the blood. In 1981, Stewart proposed a new model of acid-base balance based upon three variables, the "strong ion difference" (SID), the total weak acids (ATot), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2). Over 20 years later, Stewart's physiochemical model still remai...

Introducing RCTM (Research-Centered Teaching Method) by the author showed the method provokes enthusiasm and anxiety, correlated with cognition: Cognition = (0.27) enthusiasm– (0.15) not interested + (0.08) anxiety. “The broaden-and-build theory” (Fredrickson, 2001) posits that positive emotions are useful in several ways. By linking this theory and emotional intelligence theory, it becomes app...

Composition and Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids Introductory Concepts Diffusion and Osmosis Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids Intracellular Fluid Volume Extracellular Fluid Volume Capillary/Interstitial Fluid Exchange Edema Third-Space Accumulation Sodium and Water Balance Regulation of Sodium and Water Balance Regulation of Sodium Balance Regulation of Water Balance Alteratio...