background & aim: papaver bracteatum lindl.  (papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the papaverace family. codeine and thebaine are important alkaloids of papaver bracteatum which use widely due to its medicinal properties. therefore it is necessary to determinati...

Various operative techniques have been used for esophageal achalasia, but a definitive technique has not been established yet. During 1958-1994, 117 patients with esophageal achalasia were treated at our clinic. The techniques of Heller and Wendel or the modified Girard method have been successfully performed on 83 cases without any postoperative accidents. In 72 (87%) of these cases, the opera...

Astragalus L. is a perennial herbaceous genus belonging to the family Fabaceae. Chromosome morphology was defined for the first time in four species of Astragalus namely; A. antalyensis A.Duran & Podlech, A. nezaketae A.Duran & Aytaç, A. cariensis Boiss. & A. schizopterus Boiss. All species contained diploid chromosome numbers of 2n = 16. However, polyploid cells (4x = 32) were also observed in...

Papaver bracteatum Lindly (Papaveraceae) is an endemic species of Iran which has economic importance in drug industries. The main alkaloid of the plant is thebaine which is used as a precursor of the semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds including codeine and naloxone, respectively. This systematic review focuses on main component of Papaver bracteatum and methods used to determine thebaine. ...

Bunium is one of the interested genus that grow in different region Iraq, it within family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), and species this have a considerable fruit characteristics. The were chosen study are: B. brachyactis (Post) H. Wolff, caroides (Boiss.) Hausskn. Ex Bornm., chaerophylloides (Regel& Schmalh.) Drude, rectangulum Boiss. & Hausskn., verruculosum C.C.Towns. avromanum (Boiss.&a...

Glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates are one group of important active constituents in the tubers of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. and Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.). For the purpose of quality evaluation of these two Chinese herbal medicines, it is necessary to use a rapid and reliable assay that is suitable for the determination of their active constituents. A high-perfo...

In a recent paper (Girard 2012), Girard proposes to use his recent construction of a geometry of interaction in the hyperfinite factor (Girard 2011) in an innovative way to characterize complexity classes. We begin by giving a detailed explanation of both the choices and the motivations of Girard’s definitions. We then provide a complete proof that the complexity class co-NL can be characterize...