When an individual make a cash payment, he needs to consider about the amount to be paid, the coins and banknotes which are available and amount of change. For central banks and retailers, it is of interest to understand how this individual choice process works. The literature of currency use concerns primarily theory given certain assumptions which can present appreciate denomination r...

hundreds of stray coins are being donated every year to different iranian museums but it is difficult to establish their authenticities due to lack of knowledge about places of their findings. part of these stray metallic pieces is related to parthians. due to their lengthy rule, of about five centuries, parthian coins form important part of numismatic collection at the museums. authors have ta...

A COllective INtelligence (COIN) is a set of interacting reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms designed in an automated fashion so that their collective behavior optimizes a global utility function. We summarize the theory of COINs, then present experiments using that theory to design COINs to control internet traffic routing. These experiments indicate that COINs outperform all previously inv...

Electronic payment systems based on anonymous coins have been invented as a digital equivalent to physical banknotes. However, von Solms and Naccache discovered that such anonymous coins are also very well suited to support criminals in blackmailing. In this paper we present a payment system, which has an efficient tracing and revocation mechanism for blackmailed coins. The used tracing method ...

OBJECTIVE Evaluate safety of the procedure of removing coins from the esophagus in children by Foley's catheter without fluoroscopic control. DESIGN Retrospective case-series. SETTING Tertiary care referral hospital, during 1992-94. SUBJECTS 302 consecutive children with coins impacted in the esophagus who presented to the hospital. RESULTS Coins were successfully removed in 283 (93.7%)...

Coins are frequently used in everyday life at various places like in banks, grocery stores, supermarkets, automated weighing machines, vending machines etc. So, there is a basic need to automate the counting and sorting of coins. For this machines need to recognize the coins very fast and accurately, as further transaction processing depends on this recognition. Three types of systems are avail...

Cryptocoins based on public distributed ledgers can differ in their quality due to different subjective values users assign to coins depending on the unique transaction history of each coin. We apply game theory to study how qualitative differentiation between coins will affect the behavior of users interested in improving their anonymity through mixing services. We present two stylized models ...

In this study we report the underlying reasons to why bacteria are present on banknotes and coins. (...) We treated the various currencies used in this study as microcosms, and the bacterial loading from human hands as the corresponding microbiome. We show that the substrate from which banknotes are produced have a significant influence on both the survival and adherence of bacteria to banknote...

the year 736 ah (1335 ce), death of the mongol ruler, sultan abu saeed, is known as the year in which the ilkhanid government collapsed in iran. in pursuit of legitimacy, however, the ilkhanid chiefs and viziers would give the crown to any claimant of genghis’ parentage and would govern the country under their name. as a result, they would give the rulership to some puppet ilkhans, mint coins i...

In this paper we consider an extension where the gambler has, at each round, K coins available for play, and the slot machines accept bets. If the player bets m coins on a machine, then the machine will return m times the payoff of that round. It is important to note that betting m coins on a machine results in obtaining a single sample from the rewards distribution of that machine (multiplied ...