The appearance of red pigments in prehistoric burial sites is frequent. In the study presented herein, composition and provenance pigment sprinkled a dated between Late Neolithic Early Chalcolithic periods Cueva de la Sierra, Campodarbe (Huesca, Spain), were characterized through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive Raman powder diffractio...

The problems regarding hunter-gatherer/early farmer interactions are quite an important topic in southeast European archaeology. According to the available data, two economic subsistence systems have coexisted for some 2000 years during 6th–4th millennia cal BC (Telegin 1985; Lillie et al., 2001). In areas, hunter-gatherer and early sites located just a few kilometers apart. Southern Buh River ...

the most important characteristics of the occupants of the second millennium bc in northern iran and its adjacent regions such as the provinces of east azerbaijan, ardabil, azerbaijan republic, armenia and southern russia, is the settlements containing castles with defense walls and huge stone graves as well using bronze artifacts and production of gray and buff polished pottery. the presence o...

The evolution of the hospital is traced from its onset in ancient Mesopotamia towards the end of the 2nd millennium to the end of the Middle Ages. Reference is made to institutionalised health care facilities in India as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, to nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, in Sri Lanka, China and S...

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was one of the first great civilizations in prehistory. This bronze age civilization flourished from the end of the fourth millennium BC. It disintegrated during the second millennium BC; despite much research effort, this decline is not well understood. Less research has been devoted to the emergence of the IVC, which shows continuous cultural precursors sin...

silver coins of alexander of macedonia, until the arrival of parthians in the 1st century bc, have been put in wdxrf in order to determin ag, cu, pb and au as major and trace elements for fineness, debasement and refinement of silver in ancient persia. seleucid kingdom from 4th to 1st century bc was succeeded by several dynasties and kings. but the chemical composition of their silver coins an...