The roots of modern medicine can be traced back to the 5th century BC when Hippocratic rational medicine originated on the Greek islands of Cos and Cnidos. In this study we examine the way in which practitioners conducted their profession in Graeco-Roman times, as well as their training. Medical training was by way of apprenticeship with recognized doctors, but no qualifying examinations existe...

Abstract : Najmoddin Razi was the well-known mystics in the late 6th century and beginning of 7th century (AH). He has authored so many works in the field of Islamic mysticism. In his most significant work, Mersadolebad, he pointed out the beginning and end of the universe, the start of deportment and the extremity of development as well as the destination and goals of lover and beloved. In Raz...

The use of digital versus film photography has been a topic of debate since the invention of digital cameras towards the end of the 20th Century. Both digital and film photography have advantages and drawbacks. Twenty-first century photography is dominated by digital operation, but the older photochemical methods continue to serve many users and applications. Please join us for this 4th present...

according to halabi, a theologian and jurist in fifth century (ah), a human being is a responsible creature who needs a guide to carry out his responsibilities. while imam mahdi was present, one had to refer to him for guidence, but in his absence one has to refer to a just faqih. thus, there is no other choice; all other ruling systems lacking legitimacy.

karaki, an outstanding faqih in 10th century (ah), was the first to cooperate with the safavids, hence founding the basis for the convergence of the ulama and the state in the safavid era. his theoretical contribution lies on the proposal of the theory of the sovereignty of faqih. with karaki being scientifically and politically famous, his theory soon became wide-spread in this period and was ...

Mihail İllarionoviç Artamonov (1898-1972) St. Petersburg Üniversitesi’nde 1921-1924 yılları arası arkeoloji ve sanat tarihi bölümlerinde eğitim görmüş, 1951-1964 arasında Ermitaj Müzesinde müdür olarak görev yapmıştır. Emekli olduktan sonra mezun olduğu üniversitede tarih dersleri veren Artamonov, İskotolojisi’ni yeniden canlandırarak, Sovyet arkeolojisinde İskotoloji alanını önde gelen dallard...