Acousmêtre, or the use of offscreen sounds and visual media to stimulate the imagination of the viewers was explored by Fritz Lang or Alfred Hitchcock in cinema. However, it's full potential is still waiting to be explored in interactive virtual environments. Based on the initial investigation, the inclusion of acousmêtre in a virtual environment effectively elicits suspense and increases the v...

One of the challenges in 4D math visualization is to develop an interactive and integrated computational environment to quick-prototype, simulate, and experiment with the abstract mathematical concepts. We have investigated several areas in 4D visualization including 4D surface rendering, various user interface elements to manipulate mathematical objects in the higher-dimensional space, and phy...

The differentiation of the urinogenital system and the appendicular skeleton in vertebrates is under the control of Hox genes. The common control of digit and gonad differentiation raises the possibility that patterns of digit formation may relate to spermatogenesis and hormonal concentrations. This work was concerned with the ratio between the length of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D) in humans....

BACKGROUND Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) utilizes multiplanar images and perfusion characteristics to identify abnormal parathyroid glands. We assessed the role of 4D-CT in patients with inconclusive preoperative ultrasound and sestamibi localization studies. METHODS Adult patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with negative or discordant standard imaging who underwent both ...

INTRODUCTION The 2D:4D digit ratio is sexually-dimorphic, probably due to testosterone action through the perinatal period. We characterize the 2D:4D ratio in newborn (NB) infants, in between the pre- and postnatal surges of testosterone, and relate it to the mother's 2D:4D and to testosterone levels in the amniotic fluid (AF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Testosterone was assayed in samples of mater...

We introduce the concept of 4D model flow for the precomputed alignment of dynamic surface appearance across 4D video sequences of different motions reconstructed from multi-view video. Precomputed 4D model flow allows the efficient parametrization of surface appearance from the captured videos, which enables efficient real-time rendering of interpolated 4D video sequences whilst accurately rep...

4D object modeling, also called space-time modeling, allows to build animations with topological modifications, like metamorphosis or implicit surfaces, with high level control. Starting from a 4D objects modeler for animation, we propose a tool to manipulate 4D objects embedded on imported scenes, running on various OS and environments. Since the perception of 4D objects is complex, we propose...

BACKROUND Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) enables accurate volume determination of the left ventricle (LV), since measurements in foreshortened depicted views are avertable. Different analyzing programs are available for this RT3DE. The commonly used semi-automatic software 4D-AutLVQ™ showed underestimation of LV volumes in comparison with CMRI in healthy anesthetized dogs ...

The problem addressed here was to obtain optimal and deliverable dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf sequences from four-dimensional (4D) geometries for dynamic MLC tracking delivery. The envisaged scenario was where respiratory phase and position information of the target was available during treatment, from which the optimal treatment plan could be further adapted in real time. A tool for...