OBJECTIVES There has not previously been a systematic comparison of awards for research funding in infectious diseases by sex. We investigated funding awards to UK institutions for all infectious disease research from 1997 to 2010, across disease categories and along the research and development continuum. DESIGN Systematic comparison. METHODS Data were obtained from several sources for awa...

PURPOSE The association between excess calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality has already been reported. In the present study, we investigated the relation between dietary calcium intake and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 7809 subjects (3452 males and 4357 female) aged over 40 years were selected for t...

BACKGROUND The Japanese Study on Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood (J-SHINE) aims to clarify the complex associations between social factors and health from an interdisciplinary perspective and to provide a database for use in various health policy evaluations. METHODS J-SHINE is an ongoing longitudinal panel study of households of adults aged 25-50 years. The wave 1 survey was...

We report the nucleotide sequence of two novel cryptic plasmids (4357 and 14 662 base pairs) carried by a Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strain isolated from pork. As distinguished from most biotype 1A strains, this isolate, designated 07-04449, exhibited adherence to eukaryotic cells. The smaller plasmid pYe4449-1 carries five attributable open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the first CcdA...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endovascular coiling therapy is increasingly popular for obliteration of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, but older patients face higher procedural risks and shorter periods during which an untreated aneurysm may rupture causing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We assessed trends in clipping and coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, outcomes after clipping and coi...

During the next century, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to more than double, potentially slowing litter decomposition by altering microbial community composition and function. If the flow of energy though detrital food webs is diminished by the slowing of decay under higher rates of atmospheric N deposition, this agent of global change could also negatively impact the abundanc...

PURPOSE To determine how snacking level impacts intake of nutrients and food groups and assists in meeting recommendations outlined in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid Food Guidance System. METHODS Dietary data based on 24-hour recall from 4357 adolescents 12-19 years of age participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004 (NHANES) were analyzed. R...

BACKGROUND The characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of patients with nosocomial pneumococcal bacteremia (NPB) have not been described in large, population-based studies. METHODS All episodes of invasive pneumococcal infections reported by Finnish clinical microbiology laboratories (positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture) from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2002, were linke...

Free radicals generated in system induce oxidative stress related diseases. Recent research is focused on plants and phytocompounds to avoid various side effects. The present study is aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging potential along with phytochemical screening of the 70% methanolic extract of a lichen, Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale (ECME). ECME was tested for its in vitro tota...

BACKGROUND The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is recommended for persons aged < 65 years with chronic medical conditions. We evaluated the risk and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among persons with and without the underlying medical conditions which are considered PPV23 indications. METHODS Population-based data on all episodes of IPD (positive blood...