T racheostomy is one of the oldest surgical procedures reported in ancient medicine books. It became widely used in the 19th century during the diphtheria epidemics in Europe, and then in the 20th century following a series of devastating poliomyelitis epidemics in the 1950s [1–3]. Around the turn of the 20th century, JACKSON [4] standardised the indications for tracheostomy, the technique itse...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has become an important field for both research in neuroscience and for therapy since Barker in 1985 showed that it was possible to stimulate the human motor cortex with an electromagnet. Today for instance, transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to measure nerve conduction velocities and to create virtual lesions in the brain. The latter option creates ...

[1] The African Sahel experienced severe drying between the 1950s and the 1980s, with partial recovery since. We compare Sahel rainfall in the 20th century, pre-industrial, and increased greenhouse gases (GHG) simulations produced for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The simulations forced by 20th century concentrations of aerosol and GHG reproduce (i) a global change in SS...

Coccolithophore response to climate and surface hydrography in Santa Barbara Basin, California, AD 1917–2004 M. Grelaud, A. Schimmelmann, and L. Beaufort CEREGE, Europôle de l’Arbois, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405-1403, USA Received: 3 September 2008 – Accepted: 15 September ...

It is the purpose of the present paper to highlight the figure of Eubulides, a relatively unknown Greek philosopher who lived ±405–330 BC and taught at Megara, not far from Athens. He is mainly known for his four paradoxes (the Liar, the Sorites, the Electra, and the Horns), and for the mutual animosity between him and his younger contemporary Aristotle. The Megarian school of philosophy was on...

We have been aware from the beginning that the mere act of providing such a list is to ask for dissent and disparagement. To start with, what does “important” mean? Does it just mean popular? Is DukeElder on the list just because a lot of copies of his book were sold? It is our hope to call a book important when there seems to be some agreement that the book has made a significant contribution ...

In this book entitled Thoracic Surgery Before the 20th Century, Dr. Lew A. Hochberg has pictured the development of this art during its hundreds of formative years. In most instances, the author has gone to original references and translations for the material to fill this volume of 858 pages. The reader is brought chronologically through the 18th century in the first 186 pages, the remainder o...

The biblical book of Jonah has been the subject multiple literary retellings, ranging from individual poems to whole novels and theatrical dramas. This article focuses on interaction with in 20th-century world literature, where becomes our alter ego; he embodies own struggles God. I shall highlight three common tropes retellings: (1) Several retellings use character express a person’s failure e...

Osborn and Briffa (Reports, 10 February 2006, p. 841) identified anomalous periods of warmth or cold in the Northern Hemisphere that were synchronous across 14 temperature-sensitive proxies. However, their finding that the spatial extent of 20th-century warming is exceptional ignores the effect of proxy screening on the corresponding significance levels. After appropriate correction, the signif...