Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) triggers a dramatic rearrangement of the host epithelial cell actin cytoskeleton to form an attaching and effacing lesion, or pedestal. The pathogen remains attached extracellularly to the host cell through the pedestal for the duration of the infection. At the tip of the pedestal is a bacterial protein, Tir, which is secreted from the bacterium into the...

Axon injury in response to trauma or disease stimulates a self-destruction program that promotes the localized clearance of damaged axon segments. Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin receptor (TIR) motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is an evolutionarily conserved executioner of this degeneration cascade, also known as Wallerian degeneration; however, the mechanism of SARM1-dependent neuronal des...

Objective: Test the impact of delay in time to cystectomy and mortality in a national database. Participants/Methods: Using a linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare dataset, 441 patients were indentified who underwent radical cystectomy for stage II bladder cancer within 4 to 52 weeks of diagnosis and who did not receive preoperative chemotherapy. Survival models wer...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in sensing wide array of microbial signatures and induction of innate immunity. TLR2 in fish resembles higher eukaryotes by sensing peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of bacterial cell wall and zymosan of yeasts. However, in fish TLR2, no study yet describes the ligand binding motifs in the leucine rich repeat regions (LRRs) of the extracel...

The ability to perform off-road autonomous navigation at any time of day or night is a requirement for some unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) programs. Because there are times when it is desirable for military UGVs to operate without emitting strong, detectable electromagnetic signals, a passive only terrain perception mode of operation is also often a requirement. Thermal infrared (TIR) cameras ca...

Background: Despite school requirements, deviations from recommended immunization schedules, including vaccine refusals, continue to increase. This trend poses significant risks, both to the individual and the community. Design: Review of historic and current literature. Discussion: By the early 1980s, the U.S. legally imposed school immunization requirements, with variations by state. Medical ...

Both Plant and Animal Immune Receptors Can Carry a TIR Domain Mammals, in addition to their adaptive immune system based on somatic evolution of antibodies, carry an innate immune system based on both cell surface and intracellular immune receptors (1). In animals ranging from insects tomammals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), with extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and an intracellular Toll...