© 2008 D.H. Kaye & D.A. Freedman. This chapter was submitted to the National Academy of Sciences in August, 2008, for publication in the third edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, then scheduled for publication in 2009. David Freedman died on October 17, 2008. The Academy completed its reviews in December, 2010. The first author responded to these reviews and made several cha...

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder. Up to one-third of women in the UK have polycystic ovaries (i.e. 10 or more follicles per ovary detected on ultrasound), and around a third of these are thought to have the syndrome.(DTB 2001) PCOS is strongly associated with hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and obesity.(Stener-Victorin 2008) The syndrome al...

BACKGROUND The role of residents as teachers is recognized as an important part of medical education. However, residents may not possess the practical skills needed to teach medical students effectively. AIM In response to a Liaison Committee on Medical Education citation concerning surgery residents' teaching skills, the University of Louisville School of Medicine instituted a campus-wide re...

GeoCLEF is an evaluation initiative for testing queries with a geographic specification in large set of text documents. GeoCLEF ran a regular track for the third time within the Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2008. The purpose of GeoCLEF is to test and evaluate cross-language geographic information retrieval (GIR). GeoCLEF 2008 consisted of two sub tasks. A search task ran for the third...

The field of enterprise architecture attracted the attention of the research community for the first time when Zachman introduced the Framework for Information Systems Architecture in 1987. However, it was not until 1996 that enterprise architecture emerged as an active field of business activity and research. Enterprise architecture (EA) is important because organizations need to adapt with in...