I lay down a system of structural rules for various notions of ground and establish soundness and completeness. Ground is the relation of one truth holding in virtue of others. This relation is like that of consequence in that a necessary connection must hold between the relata if the relation is to obtain but it differs from consequence in so far as it required that there should also be an exp...

P.T. Geach has maintained (see, e.g., Geach (1967/1968)) that identity (as well as dissimilarity) is always relative to a general term. According to him, the notion of absolute identity has to be abandoned and replaced by a multiplicity of relative identity relations for which Leibniz’s Law – which says that if two objects are identical they have the same properties – does not hold. For Geach r...

The Baby Doe Rules [3] represent the first attempt by the US government to directly intervene in treatment options for neonates born with severe congenital defects. The name of the rule comes from the controversial 1982 case of a Bloomington, Indiana, infant Baby Doe, a name coined by the media. The Baby Doe Rules [3] mandate that, as a requirement for federal funding, hospitals and physicians ...