نتایج جستجو برای: 18th and 19th century
تعداد نتایج: 16847248 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
This was discovered by Euler in the 18th century, forgotten, and then rediscovered in the 19th century by Hamilton in his work on quaternions. Shortly after Hamilton’s rediscovery of (1.2) Cayley discovered a similar 8-square identity. In all of these sum-of-squares identities, the terms being squared on the right side are all bilinear expressions in the x’s and y’s: each such expression, like ...
We have shown elsewhere that a significant number of women chemists were active in Britain between 1880 and 1949. In fact, during that period a total of 896 women were members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and/ or the Chemical Society (1). Prior to that period, much has been published about the 17thcentury chemistry researcher, Elizabeth Fulhame, author of An Essay on Combustion (2) and a...
We describe a novel method for measuring affective language in historical texts by expanding an affective lexicon and jointly adapting it to prior language stages. We automatically construct a lexicon for word-emotion association of 18th and 19th century German which is then validated against expert ratings. Subsequently, this resource is used to identify distinct emotional patterns and trace l...
In this report we will study the origins and history of functional analysis up until 1918. We begin by studying ordinary and partial differential equations in the 18th and 19th century to see why there was a need to develop the concepts of functions and limits. We will see how a general theory of infinite systems of equations and determinants by Helge von Koch were used in Ivar Fredholm’s 1900 ...
This definition could have been given to an 18th or early 19th century mathematical audience, but it would not have been very popular: probably they would not have been comfortable with the Humpty Dumpty-esque redefinition of multiplication. Mathematics at that time did have commutative rings: rings of numbers, of matrices, of functions, but not rings with a “funny” multiplication operation def...
This chapter reviews the strange history of social choice, elements of which have been understood for perhaps two thousand years. Isolated thinkers in the 13th, 15th, 18th and 19th centuries made substantial contributions to the field but almost always in ignorance of the work of their predecessors. Social choice was not established as a cumulative field of study until the middle of the 20th ce...
Hybridization with introduced genetic resources is commonly practiced in ornamental plant breeding to introgress desired traits. The 19th century was a golden age for rose breeding in France. The objective here was to study the evolution of rose genetic diversity over this period, which included the introduction of Asian genotypes into Europe. A large sample of 1228 garden roses encompassing th...
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