Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clin...

The aim of this study was to analyze patients by deep sequencing the human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) region in order to determine if minor and/or major mutations in this promoter region might be associated with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)/human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy (HAM) outcome or proviral load or HTLV-1 expres...

BACKGROUND By persisting in infected cells for a long period of time, proviral HIV-1 DNA can represent an alternative viral marker to RNA viral load during the follow-up of HIV-1 infected individuals. In the present study sequential blood samples of 10 patients under antiretroviral treatment from 1997 with two NRTIs, who refused to continue any antiviral regimen, were analyzed for 16-24 weeks t...

ATLL is an aggressive malignancy of T cells that affects about 5% of individuals infected with HTLV-1. The precise mechanism of oncogenesis is not known, but there is evidence that two regulatory viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, are involved. A high set point proviral load is associated with development of ATLL or a chronic inflammatory condition, HAM/TSP. Several lines of evidence, including HLA c...

A growing body of evidence indicates that proviral DNA load quantitation is an important parameter in establishing the dynamics of HIV infection. Proviral DNA load can be determined during the follow-up of infected individuals to evaluate reservoir status in addition to viral replication. Hence, the study of viral reservoirs, represented by HIV-1 latently infected cells, including resting memor...

INTRODUCTION The goal of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-1 infection is the permanent suppression of plasma viral load (pVL) below the currently existing limit of detection of 50 copies/mL (DAIG HIV-therapy guidelines). Therefore, treatment effectiveness is based on pVL. pVL measurements however do not give any information about the viral reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P...

OBJECTIVE(S) Human T Lymphocyte Virus Type one (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that infects about 10-20 million people worldwide. Khorasan province in Iran is an endemic area. The majority of HTLV-I-infected individuals sustain healthy carriers but small proportion of infected population developed two progressive diseases: HAM/TSP and ATL. The proviral load could be a virological marker for disease mo...

background chronic hepatitis b is one of the most common causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular toxicity in many countries, including iran. cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) and natural killer (nk) cells are the two of main cell populations considered as cytotoxic cells. one of the distinct pathways ctl and nk cells exert cytotoxicity is perforin/granzyme. after the cytotoxic cell/target cell juncti...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can reactivate HIV from latently infected cells in vitro. We aimed to investigate the TLR-9 agonist, CPG 7909's in vivo effect on the proviral HIV reservoir and HIV-specific immunity. This was a post-hoc analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled vaccine trial. HIV-infected adults were randomized 1:1 to receive pneumococcal vaccines with or without 1 mg C...

human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-1) is an endemic virus in iran and other regions that is associated with multiple diseases including adult t-cell leukemia/ lymphoma and a chronic debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, htlv-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (ham/tsp). ham/tsp is seen in approximately 2% of htlv-1-infected people with symptoms such as back pain, weakne...