Gastrointestinal facilitative urea transporters play a significant role in the urea nitrogen salvaging process, which supports the symbiotic relationship between mammals and their gut microbial populations. UT-A6 urea transporters have been previously reported in the human gastrointestinal tract, specifically in the colon. As renal UT-A transporters can be regulated by external osmolality, this...

Insulin stimulates sodium transport across A6 epithelial cell monolayers. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was suggested as an early step in the insulin-stimulated sodium reabsorption (Ref. 35). To establish that the stimulation of the PI 3-kinase signaling cascade is causing stimulation of apical epithelial Na channel, we added permeant forms of phosphatidylinositol (P...

We have confirmed that A6 cells (derived from kidney of Xenopus laevis), which contain both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, do not normally possess 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydroxgenase (11β-HSD1 or 11β-HSD2) enzymatic activity and so are without apparent "protective" enzymes. A6 cells do not convert the glucocorticoid corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone but do, however, poss...

7. Wei SH, Huang YP, Liu MC, Tsou TP, Lin HC, Lin TL, et al. An outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with onychomadesis in Taiwan, 2010. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:346. http://dx.doi. org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-346 8. Fujimoto T, Iizuka S, Enomoto M, Abe K, Yamashita K, Hanaoka N, et al. Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6, Japan, 2011. Emerg I...

TO THE EDITOR—Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common children’s illness characterized by fever, sore throat, general malaise, and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet, oral mucosa, and tongue. Severe cases can also involve serious complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, cardiorespiratory failure, or death. HFMD is predominately associated with enter...

Background Apoptosis is believed to play a major role in the progressive weakening of the peri-infarct and remote zone myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI). Our laboratory previously developed an in vivo, MRI-detectable apoptosis probe. Annexin-V (ANX), which binds to cells undergoing apoptosis, was conjugated to superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, allowing for the non-inv...

There are many naturally occurring variants at the Ml-a locus in barley that confer resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Since the Ml-a locus is bracketed by Hor-1 and Hor-2, genes that encode storage proteins in the endosperm, the Ml-a locus is amenable to fine structure analysis. Rare susceptible recombinants, as judged by exchange of flanking markers, were...

Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused complex transient perturbations of amiloride-sensitive short-circuit Na+ currents ( I Na) in A6 epithelia and frog skins that were tissue and concentration dependent. A noninvasive channel blocker pulse method of noise analysis (18) was used to investigate how PMA caused time-dependent changes of apical membrane ep...

The vir genes of octopine, nopaline, and L,L-succinamopine Ti plasmids exhibit structural and functional similarities. However, we observed differences in the interactions between octopine and nopaline vir components. The induction of an octopine virE(A6)::lacZ fusion (pSM358cd) was 2.3-fold higher in an octopine strain (A348) than in a nopaline strain (C58). Supplementation of the octopine vir...