To study the effects of reduced CD4 T cell activity on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genetic heterogeneity, HCV quasi-species complexity and diversification over time were analyzed for 56 human immunodeficiency virus-coinfected patients. Patients were selected retrospectively from the French Seroconverter Cohort (SEROCO) and the French Hemophilia Cohort (HEMOCO) for having stable CD4 cell counts for ...

It is clear that sex hormones impact ventilation. While the effects of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, testosterone, and progesterone on resting ventilation have been well documented, effects of sex hormones on the hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR) are inconclusive. In addition, in no study have systemic sex steroid hormone levels been measured. Age and sex differences ...

Chronic hyperoxia during the first 1-4 postnatal weeks attenuates the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) subsequently measured in adult rats. Rather than focusing on this long-lasting plasticity, the present study considered the influence of hyperoxia on respiratory control during the neonatal period. Sprague-Dawley rats were born and raised in 60% O2 until studied at postnatal ages (P) of 4, 6...

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR) in mammals is the subject of this review. The period immediately after birth contains a critical time window in which environmental factors can cause long-term changes in the structural and fu...

STUDY OBJECTIVES A blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) has been observed in some sufferers of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and was proposed as a potential mechanism in its pathogenesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the carotid body responding to hypoxia to synthesize dopamine neurotransmitter to heighten ventilation. The association of constitutional su...

Human and animal studies on sleep-disordered breathing and respiratory regulation show that the effects of sex hormones are heterogeneous. Because neonatal stress results in sex-specific disruption of the respiratory control in adult rats, we postulate that it might affect respiratory control modulation induced by ovarian steroids in female rats. The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of adult ...

This paper presents a probabilistic framework that combines multiple knowledge sources for Haptic Voice Recognition (HVR), a multimodal input method designed to provide efficient text entry on modern mobile devices. HVR extends the conventional voice input by allowing users to provide complementary partial lexical information via touch input to improve the efficiency and accuracy of voice recog...

Newcomers acclimatizing to high altitude and adult male Tibetan high altitude natives have increased ventilation relative to sea level natives at sea level. However, Andean and Rocky Mountain high altitude natives have an intermediate level of ventilation lower than that of newcomers and Tibetan high altitude natives although generally higher than that of sea level natives at sea level. Because...

Human studies use varying levels of low-dose (1-4 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1)) dopamine to examine peripheral chemosensitivity, based on its known ability to blunt carotid body responsiveness to hypoxia. However, the effect of dopamine on the ventilatory responses to hypoxia is highly variable between individuals. Thus we sought to determine 1) the dose response relationship between dopamine and peripher...

Current evidence suggests that maternal smoking is associated with decreased respiratory drive and blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in the newborn. The effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on overall changes in HVR has been studied; however, there is limited data on the effect of nicotine exposure on each component of biphasic HVR. To examine this issue, 5-day timed-pregnant Sprague-D...