We present a reformulation of the Bristow±Campbell model for daily solar radiation, developed using daily observations of radiation, temperature, humidity, and precipitation, from 40 stations in contrasting climates. By expanding the original model to include a spatially and temporally variable estimate of clear-sky transmittance, and applying a small number of other minor modi®cations, the new...

The first transfusion of blood for hemorrhagic disease of the newborn was performed in New York City by Dr. Alexis Carrel in 1908 [1]. The method was direct transfusion from the left radial artery to the right popliteal vein. The baby recovered. In 1909 Dr. Crile introduced the cuff and cannula method. In 1910 the Elsberg cannula was introduced, and during the same year, Vincent of Boston intro...

'White bile' is a clear, colourless, watery fluid found occasionally in the biliary tree proximal to an extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Thus it is neither white nor bilious; and it is not viscid and opaque like the fluid found in the obstructed gall bladder. With the exception of the paper by Judd and Lyons (1923) previous reports on white bile dealt either with a single patient (Edington and...

The paleobiodiversity of the Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Ranikot Group (Sindh, Pakistan) and particularly of the Lakhra Formation (SBZ 5 biozone, Earliest Eocene), is reconsidered on the basis of new material collected during recent field trips. Ten new species are described (Mitreola brohii sp. nov., Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov., L. brevispira sp. nov., Athleta (Volutopupa) cith...

The purpose of our research is to highlight the policy communist regimeregarding official recognition limits spread famine in Ukraine 1921–1923 andan indication factors that influenced correction disaster area.The scientific novelty publication a comprehensive analysis normative-legal acts,according which officially recognized 1921-1923 werechanged Ukraine.Conclusions.. confrontation between Uk...

The hunger strike is a strange technique of civil war. Physical suffering—possibly even death—is inflicted on oneself, rather than on the opponent. The technique can be conceived as a paradoxical inversion of hostage-taking or kidnapping, analyzed by Elster (2004). With kidnapping, A threatens to kill a victim B in order to force concessions from the target C; sometimes the victim is also the t...