Tactile stimulation (light stroking) of a body wall flap attached to the ventral nerve cord of the medicinal leech evokes episodes of swimming activity. This swimming response undergoes habituation, involving changes in swim initiation and swim maintenance. Repeated stimulation of the body wall flap evoked swimming activity between three and 39 times before this response failed. During repetiti...

In this study, a series of hemp shives (chènevotte) with different chemical compositions and properties, namely raw (SHI-R), washed water (SHI-W), three samples chemically modified KOH (SHI-OH), Na2CO3 (SHI-C) or H3PO4 (SHI-H), sample prepared by grafting carboxylic groups (SHI-BTCA), were used as adsorbents for the removal copper present in aqueous solutions. This article presents abatements k...

introduction: the formalin test is the most accepted chemical test for evaluation of nociception. it requires the injection of an adequate amount of formalin into the surface of the hindpaw. formalin test consists of phase 1 (0-7 min) and phase 2 (15-60) in which the animal shows painful behaviors. these phases are separated with a quiet phase named interphase, in which the nociceptive response...

Background: In the present study, we aimed to clarify impact of Assisted swim (A-swim; towing from propulsion direction) on front crawl performance at maximum and sub-maximum effort levels. Methods: Fourteen male collegiate swimmers (age, 21.0 ± 2.0 years; height, 1.73 0.05 m; weight, 67.1 7.1 kg) participated. Participants swam 25-m maximal (Max) submaximal intensity (Submax (80% max stroke ra...

The description logic SHI extends the basic description logic ALC with transitive roles, role hierarchies and inverse roles. The known tableau-based decision procedure [9] for SHI exhibit (at least) NEXPTIME behaviour even though SHI is known to be EXPTIME-complete. The automata-based algorithms for SHI often yield optimal worst-case complexity results, but do not behave well in practice since ...

Introduction: In this study, we investigated whether neurofeedback (NFB) training and swimming exercise would decrease the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes visual image-induced craving in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent patients. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial design. 32 METH-dependent patients were allocated randomly to four groups; control, NFB, Swim, NFB/Swim. Th...