K(+) channels are differentially expressed throughout oligodendrocyte (Olg) development. K(V)1 family voltage-sensitive K(+) channels have been implicated in proliferation and migration of Olg progenitor cell (OPC) stage, and inward rectifier K+ channels (K(IR))4.1 are required for OPC differentiation to myelin-forming Olg. In this report we have identified a Shaw family K(+) channel, K(V)3.1, ...

We have previously shown that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) is important for oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and myelination. However, the precise cellular mechanisms by which p38 regulates OLG differentiation remain largely unknown. To determine whether p38 functions in part through transcriptional events in regulating OLG identity, we performed microarray analysis on d...

The immunomodulator 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (FTY720) has promising therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis (MS), a degenerative disease in which demyelination of the central nervous system is accompanied by death of oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelin-producing cells. In vivo phosphorylation of FTY720 generates an agonist for G protein-coupled receptors for sphingos...

We use the theory of rationalizable choices to study the survival and the extinction of types (or traits) in evolutionary OLG models. Two properties of evolutionary processes are introduced: rationalizability by a fitness ordering (i.e. only the most fit types survive) and interactivity (i.e. a withdrawal of types affects the survival of other types). Those properties are shown to be logically ...

This paper develops a novel tractable overlapping generations (OLG) structure whose aggregate equations resemble model of an infinitely lived representative agent, except that there are no transversality conditions in the OLG economy. The main assumptions complete markets and time-invariant (but age-dependent) consumption shares age-groups. tractability here distinguishes it from conventional m...

– Presence of retired people (ie too old to work) implies a strong motive for saving – Competitive equilibrium is not always Pareto-Optimal, due to presence of an initial old generation. ∗ in absence of time-0 trading, initial old agents must consume their endowment, therefore young people must also consume theirs. – Potential role for money or government transfers to restore efficiency – Model...

Utterance verification based on on-line garbage (OLG) models is often adopted as the benchmark method. However, we find its performance can be remarkably improved by fine-tuning. In this study, OLG phoneme likelihood is proposed. It achieves much better performance and efficiency for task independent utterance verification to reject mis-recognition and OOV utterances than the OLG frame likeliho...