In accomplishing successful electrospray ionization analyses, it is imperative to have an understanding of the effects of variables such as analyte structure, instrumental parameters, and solution composition. Here, we review some fundamental studies of the ESI process that are relevant to these issues. We discuss how analyte chargeability and surface activity are related to ESI response, and h...

OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two 9-month parent-implemented interventions within the Early Social Interaction (ESI) Project. Both individual-ESI, offered 2 or 3 times per week at home or in the community, and group-ESI, offered once per week in a clinic, taught parents how to embed strategies to support social communication throughout everyday activities. METHODS Participants in the r...

This paper deconstructs the relationship between the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and national income. The ESI attempts to provide a single figure which encapsulates ‘environmental sustainability’ for each country included in the analysis, and this allied with a ‘league table’ format so as to name and shame bad performers, has resulted in widespread reporting within the popular pres...

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE To assess the relation between exposure to epidural steroid injection (ESI) before surgery and occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI) for degenerative lumbar spine conditions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The effect of local ESI on the occurrence of SSI is controversial. METHODS Patients who underwent surgery for degenerative lumbar spine con...

BACKGROUND Therapy with corticosteroids often results in bone loss and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. In previous studies, bone mineral density (BMD) has been examined after administration of relatively high oral doses of corticosteroids. However, practitioners use comparatively lower doses of corticosteroids for epidural steroid injections (ESI). The interactions and relationships betwee...

The rate of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) varies greatly across states. We analyze the factors that account for that variation. We find that the likelihood that a worker is covered by ESI depends on workers' own characteristics and also on those of other workers in the same metropolitan statistical area. Further, in almost all states the percentage of workers covered by ESI is close to the...

Detecting a small molecular-weight compound by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) requires the compound to obtain a charge. Factors such as gas-phase proton affinities and analyte surface activity are correlated with a positive ESI-MS response, but unfortunately it is extremely challenging to predict from a chemical structure alone if a compound is likely to yield an observable ...