William Davies’ The Limits of Neo-Liberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition (Sage, 2014) provides a searching new investigation of the meaning and implications of the neo-liberal project. Davies identifies neo-liberalism as centrally concerned with the replacement of politics by economics. He examines the consequent efforts of economic experts to make government amenable t...

Clustering is an automatic learning technique aimed at grouping a set of objects into subsets or clusters. Objects in the same cluster should be as similar as possible, whereas objects in one cluster should be as dissimilar as possible from objects in the other clusters. Document clustering has become an increasingly important task in analysing huge documents. The challenging aspect to analyse ...

Variable string length genetic algorithm (GA) is used for developing a novel nonparametric clustering technique when the number of clusters is not fixed a priori. Chromosomes in the same population may now have different lengths since they encode different number of clusters. The crossover operator is redefined to tackle the concept of variable string length. Cluster validity index is used as a...

and indeed many of the other analyses reported in our paper do not suffer from potential bias due to weak instruments. Hartwig and Davies did, however, suggest that we could have used estimates from an external source to obtain less biased results in our MR-Egger analyses. Whereas we agree that this would be good practice in most situations, we do not feel that it would have been appropriate in...