This study focuses on the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and cover (LULC) in Tselinograd district, which is a peri-urban area (PUA) metropolis Nur-Sultan. The analysis LULC PUA was carried out based supervised classification twenty-year interval (1998, 2008, 2018). During period, noticeable changes occurred structure LULC. At border with city, built-up increased dramatically. In arable for...

In this paper, the coupled mode theory is used to analyze apodized fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Since the profile of gratings varies with the propagation distance, the coupled mode equations (CMEs) of apodized FBGs are solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RKM) and piecewise-uniform approach (PUA). We present two discretization techniques of PUA to analyze the apodization profile of gr...

Due to the introduction of newer technologies like Long Term Evolution (LTE) in already deployed cellular access networks, changes in the energy-efficiency of networks consisting predominantly of macro base station sites (BSSs) can be expected. An investigation has been performed for two prominent energy metrics of cellular networks: Power per Unit Area (PUA) and Energy per bit and Unit Area (E...

This paper develops a noncooperative game framework towards optimizing optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in the presence of link capacity constraints. In optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks, all wavelength-multiplexed channels share the optical fiber. In order to limit the nonlinear effects, the total power launched into the fiber has to be below the nonlinearity threshol...

Diatoms are unicellular algae of crucial importance as they belong to the main primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Several diatom species produce polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) that have been made responsible for chemically mediated interactions in the plankton. PUA-effects include chemical defense by reducing the reproductive success of grazing copepods, allelochemical activity by inter...

PURPOSE We evaluated the preoperative clinical factors that affect the surgical outcome of posterior urethral anastomosis (PUA) with a gracilis muscle flap (GMF) to determine which factors predict benefit from the use of the GMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 49 patients who underwent a delayed PUA with a GMF. A successful clinical outcome was defined as achieving...

A method is developed to obtain a complete set of inequivalent factor systems of PUA-representations of a group with a subgroup of index two from the factor systems of this subgroup.

To solve the problem of data accuracy degradation vehicle GNSS/INS integrated navigation systems when GNSS signal is unavailable or there a outage, this paper improves existing integration methodology for land based on AI method. First, position update architecture (PUA) using LightGBM regression predicting during outage presented. It uses to model relationship between INS and changes. On-board...

OBJECTIVE The present study tested the hypothesis that gestational hypoxia up-regulates protein kinase C (PKC) and inhibits calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa)-mediated relaxations of uterine arteries in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN Uterine arteries were isolated from nonpregnant (NPUA) and pregnant (PUA) (~140 day gestation) sheep maintained at either sea level or high altitude (3,820 m fo...

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are released by several diatom species during predation. Besides other attributed activities, these oxylipins can interfere with the reproduction of copepods, important predators of diatoms. While intensive research has been carried out to document the effects of PUAs on copepod reproduction, little is known about the underlying mechanistic aspects of PUA action...