The transduction current in several different types of sensory neurons arises from the activity of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels. The channels in these sensory neurons vary in structure and function, yet each one demonstrates calcium-dependent modulation of ligand sensitivity mediated by the interaction of the channel with a soluble modulator protein. In cone photoreceptors, the mo...

Cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are crucial for sensory transduction in the photoreceptors (rods and cones) of the vertebrate retina. Light triggers a decrease in the cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic GMP in the outer segments of these cells, leading to closure of CNG channels and hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. Hence, CNG channels translate a chemical change in cyclic nuc...

In photoreceptors, the assembly of signaling molecules into macromolecular complexes is important for phototransduction and maintaining the structural integrity of rod outer segments (ROSs). However, the molecular composition and formation of these complexes are poorly understood. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, 4.1G was identified as a new interacting partner for the cyclic-nu...

Olfactory cilia contain the known components of olfactory signal transduction, including a high density of cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. CNG channels play an important role in mediating odor detection. The channels are activated by cAMP, which is formed by a G-protein-coupled transduction cascade. Frog olfactory cilia are 25-200 microm in length, so the spatial distribution of CNG cha...

Olfactory receptor neurons respond to odorant stimulation with a rapid increase in intracellular cAMP that opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (cng) cation channels. cng channels in rat olfactory neurons are activated by cAMP in the low micromolar range and are outwardly rectifying. The cloned rat olfactory cng channel (rOCNC1), however, is much less sensitive to cAMP and exhibits very weak rectifica...

Photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels are critical elements in phototransduction and light adaptation. Here we report that insulin receptor (IR), an integral membrane protein, directly phosphorylates the CNGA1 subunit of CNG channels that in turn affects the function of these channels negatively. The IR phosphorylates Tyr(498) and Tyr(503) residues on CNGA1 that are situated at t...

The studies of CNG/gasoline dual-fuel engine system model are relatively few. The design deficiencies of CNG/gasoline dual-fuel engine speed controller exist. In this paper, the design and simulation of CNG/gasoline engine speed controller based on Matlab were put forward. On the basis of reasonable CNG engine model, the digital PID speed controller and adaptive fuzzy PID speed controller model...

Light sensitivity of the pineal has been retained in most vertebrates, except mammals. Retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes share common components of light-dependent signaling pathways. In particular, an ion channel gated by cGMP has been electrophysiologically identified in chick pinealocytes; however, the physiological function of a light-sensitive enzyme cascade is not known, and primary...