We argue that in strongly correlated electron system collective instanton excitations of the phase field (dual to the charge) arise with a great degree of stability, governed by gauge flux changes by an integer multiple of 2π. By unraveling consequences of the non-trivial topology of the charge gauge U(1) group, we found that the pinning of μ and the zero-temperature divergence of charge compre...

Following the identification of the pairing state, the major challenge in understanding the cuprate superconductors has been determining the evolution with doping and temperature of their anomalous normal state behavior. Key to this understanding is the experimentally determined magnetic phase diagram for the cuprates, which provides information on the protected magnetic properties of the norma...

Before independence in 1961, Tanzania was a Germany colony (1889-1916) and later British Protectorate (1916-1961). During the 72 year period, the western medical services targeted foreigners working for the colonial governments. After independence, the government has expanded the health services with a vision to improve the health and well being of all Tanzanians with a focus on those most at r...