PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we summarize the present information related to the export of LDL-derived cholesterol from late endosomes, with a focus on Nieman-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) cholesterol delivery toward the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We review data suggesting that several pathways may operate in parallel, including membrane transport routes and membrane contact sites (MCSs)....

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms an extensive intracellular membranous network in eukaryotes that dynamically connects and communicates with diverse subcellular compartments such as plasma membrane (PM) through membrane contact sites (MCSs), with the inter-membrane gaps separated by a distance of 10-40 nm. Phosphoinositides (PI) constitute an important class of cell membrane phospholipids share...

PURPOSE Celecoxib, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), was investigated for enhancement of chemotherapeutic efficacy in cancer clinical trials. This study aimed to determine whether celecoxib combined with 5-fluorouracil or sorafenib or gefitinib is beneficial in HepG2 multicellular spheroids (MCSs), as well as elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The human hepatocellular carcino...

This study identifies and examines the common characteristics of several nocturnal midlatitude mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed near mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) or cutoff lows. All of these MCSs were organized into convective clusters or lines that exhibited back-building behavior, remained nearly stationary for 6–12 h, and produced locally excessive rainfall (greater...

By animating enhanced coarse surface pressure observations of 12 1985 Preliminary Regional Experiment for Storm-Scale Operational Research Meteorology (PRE-STORM) mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) the authors exposed 92 transitory highs and lows living within virtually all of the systems’ mesohighs and wake lows. A quasi-Lagrangian (feature following, not material following) analysis of the p...

A global study of the vertical structures of the clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has been carried out with data from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. Tropical MCSs are found to be dominated by cloud-top heights greater than 10 km. Secondary cloud layers sometimes occur in MCSs, but outside their primary raining cores. The secondary layers have tops at 6–8 and 1–3 km. H...

In this pape~ we analyze the effect of a nonlinearity on the bit error rate perj60rmance of convolutionally coded multicarrier spread spectrum (MCSS) systems in the presence of multipath fading, This is an extension of the work in [1] to include the effect of a nonlinearity on coded MCSS systems.

Multi-Context Systems (MCSs) are a powerful framework for representing the information exchange between heterogeneous (possibly nonmonotonic) knowledge-bases. Significant recent advancements include implementations for realizing MCSs, e.g., by a distributed evaluation algorithm and corresponding optimizations. However, certain enhanced modeling concepts like aggregates and the use of variables ...

Phagophore nucleates from a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) termed the omegasome and also makes contact with other organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane and recycling endosomes during its formation. We have used serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SB-EM) and electron tomography (ET) to image phagophore biogenesis in 3 dimensions and to determine...

In the field of pattern recognition, the concept of Multiple Classifier Systems (MCSs) was proposed as a method for the development of high performance classification systems. At present, the common “operation” mechanism of MCSs is the “combination” of classifiers outputs. Recently, some researchers pointed out the potentialities of “dynamic classifier selection” (DCS) as a new operation mechan...