Invertebrates rely on an innate immune system to combat invading pathogens. The system is initiated in the presence of cell wall components from microbes like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), β-1,3-glucan (βG) and peptidoglycan (PG), altogether known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), via a recognition of pattern recognition protein (PRP) or receptor (PRR) through complicated reactions...

Let G be any Hausdorff topological group and let βGX denote the maximal G-compactification of a G-Tychonoff space X (i.e., a Tychonoff G-space possessing a G-compactification). Recall that a completely regular Hausdorff topological space is called pseudocompact if every continuous function f : X →R is bounded. In this paper, we prove that if X and Y are two G-Tychonoff spaces such that the prod...

The effective string action of the color-electric flux tube in the dual Ginzburg-Landau (DGL) theory is studied by performing a path-integral analysis by taking into account the finite thickness of the flux tube. A modified Yukawa interaction appears as a boundary contribution and is reduced into the ordinary Yukawa interaction in the London Limit. The dual Ginzburg-Landau (DGL) theory can sket...

• Prop. 8. If g imperfectly dominates f, then hβ(f,g) imperfectly dominates f. ... and yield a hierarchy of manipulability and efficiency. • Prop. 9./10. Given f SP, g manipulable and weakly less varying than f, g imperfectly dominates f, 0≤β<β‘≤1, then 1. hβ‘(f,g) is intensely and strongly more manipulable than hβ(f,g) 2. hβ‘(f,g) imperfectly dominates hβ(f,g). ... which preserve PSP, are comp...

We study the properties of Nambu monopoles and Z–vortices in the 3D lattice SU(2) Higgs theory which represents the Standard Model at high temperature. We show that the densities of the Nambu monopoles and the Z–vortices are O(1) in the symmetric phase and generically small in the Higgs phase. Near to the critical Higgs mass and in the vicinity of the phase transition the densities are no more ...

To investigate the effects of different utilization methods on ratio characteristics soil C, N, P and enzyme activities grassland is great significance for sustainable grassland. In this study, rate were investigated in artificial grasslands treated with grazing (GG), mowing (MG) enclosed (EG). The results showed that: (1) contents organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP) ammonium nitrogen (...

Let G be a locally compact group. Then for every G-space X the maximal G-proximity βG can characterized by topological proximity β as follows:AβG‾B⇔∃V∈NeVAβ‾VB. Here, βG:X→βGX is G-compactification of (which an embedding classical result J. de Vries), V neighbourhood e and AβG‾B means that closures A B do not meet in βGX. Note local compactness essential. This theorem comes corollary general ab...

In this paper, efficient design sensitivity analysis (DSA) and optimization methods are presented to support reliability-based design for a hyper-elastic structure with frictional contact using a meshfree method. For the structural reliability analysis, the firstorder reliability method (FORM) is utilized. The continuum-based DSA method is employed to search the most probable point (MPP) in the...

To investigate the effects of different nutrient management regimes on the soil chemical, eco-enzymatic stoichiometric and microbial characteristics, soil samples were collected from a 30-year, long-term field experiment with six plots growing rice. The results showed that as integrated fertilization increased, so did the concentrations of soil total or available nutrients and microbial biomass...